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STUDYING > GEO 230 EXAM 2 > Flashcards

GEO 230 EXAM 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Captain cook

A

..

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2
Q

Marine chronometer

A

East to west or longitudinal navigation

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3
Q

Nebular hypothesis

A

Approximately 4.6 ga (billion years ago)

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4
Q

Large body hit earth, resulting in the formation of the…

A

Moon

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5
Q

Four parts of the earth are…

A

Crust
Mantle
Outer core
Inner core

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6
Q

Continental crust is made up of…

A

Granitic

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7
Q

Oceanic crust is made up of…

A

Basaltic

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8
Q

Different ocean depth measurements…

A

Lead line

Satellite

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9
Q

Andesyte/rhyolite

A

..

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10
Q

Continual margins
Ocean basins
Mid-ocean ridges

A

..

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11
Q

Continental shelf..

A

Wider on Atlantic coast b/c it’s on passive plate

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12
Q 
Passive margin 
Active convergent margin 
Continental shelf 
Abyssal plain 
Trench
A

…

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13
Q

What are the 4 main types of organisms that form biogenic plant sediments?

A

Diatoms
Radiolarians
Coccolithophores
Foraminifers

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14
Q

Hat are the skeletons of each of these organisms made of?

A

Calcium carbonate (coccolithophores and foraminifers)

Silica (Diatoms and radiolarians)

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15
Q

Which of these are photosynthetic and which are consumers?

A

Photosynthetic: diatoms & coccolithophores

Consumers: radiolarians & foraminifers

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16
Q

What is the major factor affecting the distribution of calcium carbonate in modern ocean bottom sediments?

A

Depth

CCD (calcite compensation depth)

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17
Q

What does this diagram show?

A

Amount of heat (energy) needed to change the states of water

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18
Q

What line shows sensible heat?

A

B-c (liquid)

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19
Q

What line shows storage of heat/energy that powers hurricanes?

A

C-D (vapor)

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20
Q

Explain the figure in terms of heat capacity

A

Over-ocean the air has high humidity so higher heat capacity. More heat has to be transferred to see a change in temperature

Over-land the air has lower humidity so less heat capacity and the temp can change with less actual hearing & cooling

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21
Q

The diagram illustrates generalized atmospheric transport of heat from low to high latitudes. In terms of latent heat of water, explain briefly how this happens

A

The diagram illustrates generalized atmospheric transport of heat from low to high latitudes

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22
Q

How does latent heat of water occur?

A

Water at high heat temp become vapor with latent heat

vapor goes to higher latitudes carrying it’s heat

Water vapor becomes liquid & latent heat is released to atmosphere warming it

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23
Q

What molecule is shown in this diagram? What is he chemical formula?

A

Water

H20

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24
Q

Name two properties related to the water molecule

A

High heat capacity
High surface tension
Universal solvent

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25
Q

Name the wind belts
A, B, C
As well as the intervening zones D & E

What type of pressure zones (high or low) are associated with F & G

A

A: located in middle (trade)
B: Located top & bottom (prevailing westerlies)
C: top of earths edge & bottom (polar easterlies)

D: located left side of earth (horse latitudes)

E: located as a line in middle (doldrums)
F: low pressure (orange arrows)
D: high pressure (blue arrows)

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26
Q

Name the seasonal positions shown in a-d

A

Counter clockwise

A: vernal equinox
B: summer solstice
C: autumnal equinox
D: winter solstice

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27
Q

What is the plane called in e?

A

The ecliptic plane

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28
Q

What is the angle of degree shown in f?

A

23.5 degrees

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29
Q

G-j label & give latitude

A

G (top of earth) arctic circle
H (middle/top) Tropic of Cancer
I (middle/bottom) Tropic of Capricorn
I (bottom) Antarctic circle

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30
Q

What direction do winds turn in the north hemisphere due to the Coriolis effect?

A

Right ( clockwise)

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31
Q

What direction do winds turn in the s hemisphere due to the Coriolis effect?

A

Left (counterclockwise)

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32
Q

What is the fundamental cause of the Coriolis effect?

A

The earth’s shape & rotation.

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33
Q

The amount of solar heating at low latitudes is greater than at high latitudes. Why? (Give 3 reasons)

A
  • same amount of energy spread over larger surface area at high latitudes
  • energy goes through & is absorbed by more atmosphere at high latitudes
  • angle of incidence on incoming solar radiation greater at higher latitudes- more light reflected H to space
  • albedo is higher at higher latitudes (snow reflects more into space)
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34
Q

Name the 3 destructive impacts of hurricanes

A

Winds
Rains
Storm surge

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35
Q

What are the 2 circulation patterns in purple called?

A

Gyres

North Atlantic & south Atlantic

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36
Q

What are the currents called?

A

Western boundary current
Westerly current
Eastern boundary current

37
Q

What is the different between surface currents & thermohaline circulation?

A

Surface currents: driven by wind above picnocline

Thermohaline currents: driven by water density occurring below picnoclinep

38
Q

Give the name for the current shown in red, what current is shown? What does the image show?

A

The Gulf Stream= western boundary current

Warm water or western intensification of gyres

39
Q

Based about what you know about comedian transport, does this diagram show upwelling in northern or Southern Hemisphere?

A

Northern

40
Q

What is the name for the ocean conditions illustrated in the top diagram ?

A

La Niña (shows upwelling)

41
Q

What is the name for the ocean currents illustrated in the bottom diagram?

A

El Niño

42
Q

Sensible heat…

A

Heat that raises the temperature of s substance, can be sensed

43
Q

Latent heat…

A

Hidden heat; heat resulting of change of heat in a substance (not resulting in change of temp)

44
Q

Water has very high…

A

Latent temps

45
Q

Diagram that shows average surface salinity of the oceans…

A

Colorful in water

46
Q

Salinity changes due to change in water…not change in..

A

Salt

47
Q

Dilution

A

When adding water decrease salinity

48
Q

Concentration

A

When removing water increases salinity

49
Q

Constancy of composition

A

Ratios are constant

Absolute concentration

50
Q

What controls surface currents in the ocean?

A

Earths wind belts

51
Q

Weather is related to…

A

Ocean conditions

52
Q

Things that are all interrelated…

A

Wind belts
Surface currents
Short & long term weather

53
Q

Tropic of Cancer & Tropic of Capricorn…

A

23.5 degrees

54
Q

Arctic circle & Antarctic circle..

A

66.5 degrees

55
Q

Composition of the atmosphere…

A

78.1% nitrogen
20.9 % oxygen
.039% CO2

56
Q

Order of atmosphere…

A 
Bottom to top:
Troposphere
Tropopause 
Stratosphere 
Ozone layer 
Upper atmosphere
57
Q

Warm air rising & cool air falling is example of..

A

Convection cell

58
Q

Heat lost in blue & heat gained in red

Outgoing hear toward gained incoming sunlight coming from right to left

A

..

59
Q

Circulation cells

A 
Polar  
Ferrell
Hadley 
Outside to inside 
(Polar, Ferrell, Hadley)
60
Q

Coriolis effect

A

Earth rotates underneath quicker than surface movement

61
Q

Screwdriver diagram: High & low pressure regions & air flow

A 
Tighten = sinking 
Loosen= rising
62
Q

Internal structure of a hurricane..

A

Starts with warm vapor & cool dry air goes back into the eye

63
Q

Ocean currents are..

A

Water masses in motion

64
Q

Ocean currents do what?

A

Redistribute heat from warmer to cooler regions

65
Q

Winds transfer how much heat?

A

2/3 while ocean surface currents are 1/3

66
Q

Winds create currents by…

A

Frictional drag

67
Q

Only what percent of winds energy is transferred to ocean Surface?

A

2%

68
Q

What effects surface currents?

A

Gravity
Friction
Coriolis effect

69
Q

Equitorial counter current

A

Water driven west by currents

70
Q

What influences surface currents?

A

Continents

71
Q

Ekman spiral..

A

Top surface water moves 45 degrees to right of direction of wind

72
Q

Ekman transport…

A

All water layers combine to produce a net transport of seawater 90 degrees right of direction of wind

73
Q

Path of geostrophic flow..

A

…

74
Q

Geostrophic currents…

A

Narrow & strong flow north

Weak & side flow south

75
Q

Upwelling

A

Vertical movement of cool, deeper, nutrient rich seawater to surface

76
Q

Down welling

A

Vertical movement of warm nutrient poor seawater to deeper regions

77
Q

Down welling is caused by…

A

Convergence of surface currents

78
Q

Ekman flow arrows up…

A

Down welling

79
Q

Ekman arrows down..

A

Upwelling

80
Q

Other places involved in upwelling ‘ down welling

A

Sea floor topography
Sharp bends in coastlines
High latitudes regions

81
Q

Gulf Stream temp variations located in figure shown

A

..

82
Q

Normal conditions = looks like a river

A

..

83
Q

El Niño conditions…

A

Looks all orange & plain

84
Q

Atlantic Ocean subsurface water masses…

A 
NADW
AABW below
Antarctic intermediate above 
Thermocline & picnocline above that 
Warm tropical surface  water in middle 
Seasonally warm on sides
85
Q

NADW

A

Less dense

86
Q

AABW

A

Sinks to bottom of ocean, dense

87
Q

Areas where surface water cools becomes high density & sinks

A

..

88
Q

Marine chronometer

A

Every 15 degrees the time changes by one hour

Answer: 60 degrees west

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