GEO 230 EXAM 2 Flashcards by Amanda Jordan

Captain cook

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Marine chronometer

East to west or longitudinal navigation

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Nebular hypothesis

Approximately 4.6 ga (billion years ago)

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Large body hit earth, resulting in the formation of the…

Moon

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Four parts of the earth are…

Crust
Mantle
Outer core
Inner core

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Continental crust is made up of…

Granitic

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Oceanic crust is made up of…

Basaltic

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Different ocean depth measurements…

Lead line

Satellite

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Andesyte/rhyolite

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Continual margins
Ocean basins
Mid-ocean ridges

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Continental shelf..

Wider on Atlantic coast b/c it’s on passive plate

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Passive margin 
Active convergent margin 
Continental shelf 
Abyssal plain 
Trench

…

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What are the 4 main types of organisms that form biogenic plant sediments?

Diatoms
Radiolarians
Coccolithophores
Foraminifers

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Hat are the skeletons of each of these organisms made of?

Calcium carbonate (coccolithophores and foraminifers)

Silica (Diatoms and radiolarians)

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Which of these are photosynthetic and which are consumers?

Photosynthetic: diatoms & coccolithophores

Consumers: radiolarians & foraminifers

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What is the major factor affecting the distribution of calcium carbonate in modern ocean bottom sediments?

Depth

CCD (calcite compensation depth)

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What does this diagram show?

Amount of heat (energy) needed to change the states of water

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What line shows sensible heat?

B-c (liquid)

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What line shows storage of heat/energy that powers hurricanes?

C-D (vapor)

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Explain the figure in terms of heat capacity

Over-ocean the air has high humidity so higher heat capacity. More heat has to be transferred to see a change in temperature

Over-land the air has lower humidity so less heat capacity and the temp can change with less actual hearing & cooling

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The diagram illustrates generalized atmospheric transport of heat from low to high latitudes. In terms of latent heat of water, explain briefly how this happens

The diagram illustrates generalized atmospheric transport of heat from low to high latitudes

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How does latent heat of water occur?

Water at high heat temp become vapor with latent heat

vapor goes to higher latitudes carrying it’s heat

Water vapor becomes liquid & latent heat is released to atmosphere warming it

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What molecule is shown in this diagram? What is he chemical formula?

Water

H20

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Name two properties related to the water molecule

High heat capacity
High surface tension
Universal solvent

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Name the wind belts A, B, C As well as the intervening zones D & E What type of pressure zones (high or low) are associated with F & G

A: located in middle (trade) B: Located top & bottom (prevailing westerlies) C: top of earths edge & bottom (polar easterlies) D: located left side of earth (horse latitudes) E: located as a line in middle (doldrums) F: low pressure (orange arrows) D: high pressure (blue arrows)

Name the seasonal positions shown in a-d

Counter clockwise A: vernal equinox B: summer solstice C: autumnal equinox D: winter solstice

What is the plane called in e?

The ecliptic plane

What is the angle of degree shown in f?

23.5 degrees

G-j label & give latitude

G (top of earth) arctic circle H (middle/top) Tropic of Cancer I (middle/bottom) Tropic of Capricorn I (bottom) Antarctic circle

What direction do winds turn in the north hemisphere due to the Coriolis effect?

Right ( clockwise)

What direction do winds turn in the s hemisphere due to the Coriolis effect?

Left (counterclockwise)

What is the fundamental cause of the Coriolis effect?

The earth's shape & rotation.

The amount of solar heating at low latitudes is greater than at high latitudes. Why? (Give 3 reasons)

- same amount of energy spread over larger surface area at high latitudes - energy goes through & is absorbed by more atmosphere at high latitudes - angle of incidence on incoming solar radiation greater at higher latitudes- more light reflected H to space - albedo is higher at higher latitudes (snow reflects more into space)

Name the 3 destructive impacts of hurricanes

Winds Rains Storm surge

What are the 2 circulation patterns in purple called?

Gyres | North Atlantic & south Atlantic

What are the currents called?

Western boundary current Westerly current Eastern boundary current

What is the different between surface currents & thermohaline circulation?

Surface currents: driven by wind above picnocline | Thermohaline currents: driven by water density occurring below picnoclinep

Give the name for the current shown in red, what current is shown? What does the image show?

The Gulf Stream= western boundary current | Warm water or western intensification of gyres

Based about what you know about comedian transport, does this diagram show upwelling in northern or Southern Hemisphere?

Northern

What is the name for the ocean conditions illustrated in the top diagram ?

La Niña (shows upwelling)

What is the name for the ocean currents illustrated in the bottom diagram?

El Niño

Sensible heat...

Heat that raises the temperature of s substance, can be sensed

Latent heat...

Hidden heat; heat resulting of change of heat in a substance (not resulting in change of temp)

Water has very high...

Latent temps

Diagram that shows average surface salinity of the oceans...

Colorful in water

Salinity changes due to change in water...not change in..

Salt

Dilution

When adding water decrease salinity

Concentration

When removing water increases salinity

Constancy of composition

Ratios are constant | Absolute concentration

What controls surface currents in the ocean?

Earths wind belts

Weather is related to...

Ocean conditions

Things that are all interrelated...

Wind belts Surface currents Short & long term weather

Tropic of Cancer & Tropic of Capricorn...

23.5 degrees

Arctic circle & Antarctic circle..

66.5 degrees

Composition of the atmosphere...

78.1% nitrogen 20.9 % oxygen .039% CO2

Order of atmosphere...

``` Bottom to top: Troposphere Tropopause Stratosphere Ozone layer Upper atmosphere ```

Warm air rising & cool air falling is example of..

Convection cell

Heat lost in blue & heat gained in red | Outgoing hear toward gained incoming sunlight coming from right to left

Circulation cells

``` Polar Ferrell Hadley Outside to inside (Polar, Ferrell, Hadley) ```

Coriolis effect

Earth rotates underneath quicker than surface movement

Screwdriver diagram: High & low pressure regions & air flow

``` Tighten = sinking Loosen= rising ```

Internal structure of a hurricane..

Starts with warm vapor & cool dry air goes back into the eye

Ocean currents are..

Water masses in motion

Ocean currents do what?

Redistribute heat from warmer to cooler regions

Winds transfer how much heat?

2/3 while ocean surface currents are 1/3

Winds create currents by...

Frictional drag

Only what percent of winds energy is transferred to ocean Surface?

What effects surface currents?

Gravity Friction Coriolis effect

Equitorial counter current

Water driven west by currents

What influences surface currents?

Continents

Ekman spiral..

Top surface water moves 45 degrees to right of direction of wind

Ekman transport...

All water layers combine to produce a net transport of seawater 90 degrees right of direction of wind

Path of geostrophic flow..

...

Geostrophic currents...

Narrow & strong flow north | Weak & side flow south

Upwelling

Vertical movement of cool, deeper, nutrient rich seawater to surface

Down welling

Vertical movement of warm nutrient poor seawater to deeper regions

Down welling is caused by...

Convergence of surface currents

Ekman flow arrows up...

Down welling

Ekman arrows down..

Upwelling

Other places involved in upwelling ' down welling

Sea floor topography Sharp bends in coastlines High latitudes regions

Gulf Stream temp variations located in figure shown

Normal conditions = looks like a river

El Niño conditions...

Looks all orange & plain

Atlantic Ocean subsurface water masses...

``` NADW AABW below Antarctic intermediate above Thermocline & picnocline above that Warm tropical surface water in middle Seasonally warm on sides ```

NADW

Less dense

AABW

Sinks to bottom of ocean, dense

Areas where surface water cools becomes high density & sinks

Marine chronometer

Every 15 degrees the time changes by one hour Answer: 60 degrees west