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Geography > Geo 213 Final I > Flashcards

Geo 213 Final I Flashcards

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1
Q

The big three?

A

GPS
GIS
REMOTE SENSING
-acquisition and analysis of image data from aircraft and satellite systems

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2
Q

Remote sensing applications?

A 
Homeland Security
Forestry
Weather forecasting
Urban planning
Agriculture
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3
Q

Key areas of development?

A

Radar
Lidar
UAV

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4
Q

Parts?

A

Instrument - what is taking the picture
Platform - vehicle upon which instrument is mounted
=aircraft, spacecraft

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5
Q

Active vs. Passive?

A

Active - emits energy and records reflected energy off of object = “flash”
Passive - does NOT emit energy, uses natural energy (sun) = no “flash”

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6
Q

Extra helps to remote sensing

A

In-situ data = on the ground
-connect remote sensing data to real world
Ancillary data = maps, reports, etc…

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7
Q

Value of field work

A 
#1 - imagery can be geometrically and radiometrically calibrated
#2 - data must be interpreted/analyzed = compared to what is on the ground
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8
Q

What is radiometric calibration?

A

Converting digital numbers to something physical
=use targets of known reflectance to convert raw data
(atmosphere messes data up)

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9
Q

Advantages to remote sensing?

A

1) collect data systematically
- through time = compare changes over time
2) unobtrusive, passive
- (privacy a concern)
3) can collect valuable data
- it works! (most of the time)

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10
Q

Limitations to remote sensing?

A

1) often oversold
- have realistic expectations
2) ACTIVE RS can be intrusive
3) can be expensive to collect, analyze

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11
Q

Five project phases

A

1) statement of problem
2) data collection
3) preprocessing phase
4) analysis phase
5) present information, solve problem

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12
Q

Types of resolution

A 
Spectral
*false color / color infrared :
-IR = red
-Green = blue
-Red = green
-Blue = n/a
Spatial 
*how small of an element can I detect on ground?
Temporal
*how often can I get the overpass of airplane/satellite to collect data?
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13
Q

Spectral resolution

A

single, multispectral, hyperspectral

  • multi = LANDSAT, ASTER
  • hyper = AISA
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14
Q

Spatial resolution

A

Resolution given as pixel size = ground size

i.e. 1m, 20m, etc..

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15
Q

Temporal resolution

A

shorter generally better - can combine for longer term but cannot subdivide long into small

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16
Q

Advances in RS

A
  • platforms (helicopter,airplane, satellite)
  • sensors (cameras)
  • data processing + computers
  • programs
17
Q

Future advances

A
  • smaller satellites, fewer sensors
  • sensor constellations
  • huge satellites w/exhaustive sensor arrays
  • single-mission satellites
  • specialized sensors
  • higher resolution
18
Q

Sensor families

A

1) film
2) digital
3) multispectral
4) pushbroom
5) thermal radiometers
6) hyperspectral
7) radar
8) lidar
9) radar altimeters
10) scatterometers

19
Q

Passive sensors

A

Target is self-illuminated not by sensor

weather satellites, optical/IR satellites

20
Q

Active sensors

A

Target illuminated by energy from sensor

radar, lidar, sonar

21
Q

EMR

A

electromagnetic radiation

=produced by vibrating electrical charge

22
Q

Black body

A

Absorbs ALL energy that strikes it
=none reflected, transmitted
*DOES re-radiate energy at different wavelength

23
Q

Wien’s displacement law

A

As temperature increases, peak emissions shift towards shorter part of EM spectrum

24
Q

Wavelength Classification

A
  1. 3-0.4 micrometers = Near Ultraviolet
  2. 4-0.5 micrometers = Blue
  3. 5-0.6 micrometers = Green
  4. 6-0.7 micrometers = Red
  5. 7-2.5 micrometers = Near Infrared
25
Q

Stefan-Boltmann law

A

Increase temperature, energy increases to FOURTH power

26
Q

Atmosphere can affect…

A

wavelength
intensity
spectral distribution
direction

27
Q

Three types of scattering

A

Rayleigh
Mie
Non-selective

28
Q

Rayleigh

A

diameter of matter is many time SMALLER than wavelength
=responsible for BLUE SKY
(short blue scattered more than red)

29
Q

Mie

A

caused by matter ~same size as wavelength
-amount of scatter MORE than Rayleigh & scattered wavelengths are LONGER
=mostly caused by POLLUTION

30
Q

Non-selective

A

all wavelengths scattered equally

31
Q

Types of reflectance

A

Specular
Diffuse
Lambertian

32
Q

Specular reflectance

A

surface is essentially SMOOTH
-reflectance is mirror image
=low return for radar

33
Q

Diffuse reflectance

A

surface is ROUGH
-diffused radiation = BACKSCATTER
=this is what returns to radar (GOOD)

34
Q

Lambertian reflectance

A

surface so rough, energy is perfectly diffused

-many models make this assumption to help with the math

35
Q

20s, 30s

A

9x9 cameras
amazing resolution, quality
can be blown up to 36x36 poster!

36
Q

1972

A

first multispectral satellite launched (LANSAT)

first one used for civilian remote sensing

37
Q

RS phases

A

Pre-WWII : balloons
WWI-WWII : airplanes
WWII - cold war : satellites
cold war - present : UAV

38
Q

Air photo terms

A
  • principal point
    -geometric center point on photograph
  • field of view
    -angular measurement of how much landscape you can see
    high oblique
    -can see horizon
  • low oblique
    ~45°
39
Q

Radiometric resolution

A

amount of bits used to store brightness
8-bit
12-bit
16-bit

Geography (7 decks)

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