Genomics and Proteomics and Mechanisms of Incontinence

Question 1

• What is the proteome?

Answer 1

All the proteins present in a cell at a particular time

Question 2

• What factors can be used to separate proteins?

Answer 2

Charge, size, antigenicity, tags

Question 3

• What is basic protein separation based on?

Answer 3

Charge: mass ratio

Question 4

• In a 2D page what is the first separation based on?

Answer 4

Number of charges within the protein

Question 5

• What does IEF stand for?

Answer 5

Isoelectric focusing

Question 6

• What does modern 2D separation rely on?

Answer 6

Knowing the sequences of proteins

Question 7

• What does a Western blot do?

Answer 7

Detects specific proteins by using antibodies

Question 8

• Which two proteins were identified as being clinical relevant in cases of renal disease?

Answer 8

Retinol-binding protein (RBP) & Tamin-Horsfall protein (THP)

Question 9

• What is proteomics more sensitive and specific than conventional blood screening?

Answer 9

Uses multiple markers instead of just one

Question 10

• What does genomics provide?

Answer 10

Potential for an earlier diagnosis and a better understanding

Question 11

• What is incontinence?

Answer 11

The lack of voluntary control of excretory functions

Question 12

• What do disorders of micturition describe?

Answer 12

Abnormalities of the detrusor or sphincters

Question 13

• How does muscle wastage differ between UMN and LMN dysfunction?

Answer 13

UMN – slow, LMN – rapid

Question 14

• What type of dysfunction leads to complete loss of voluntary control?

Answer 14

LMN and UMN

Question 15

• What type of dysfunction results in an atonic bladder and sphincters?

Answer 15

LMN

Question 16

• What type of dysfunction results in a high volume of urinary retention?

Answer 16

UMN

Question 17

• What disorders of anatomy could result in incontinence?

Answer 17

Ectopic ureter, congenital malformation, ureters entering directly into the urethra

Question 18

• What predisposes female dogs to sphincter mechanism incontinence?

Answer 18

Short urethra, spaying, intra-pelvic bladder (consequence of short urethra)

Question 19

• What is urge incontinence?

Answer 19

Micturition reflex at low volume, can be caused by bladder mucosa irritation

Question 20

• What drugs can be used to treat sphincter mechanism incontinence?

Answer 20

Alpha adrenergic agonists (will increase urethral tone, retain urine) & oestrogens