genomes & bioinformatics

Question 1

genomics is the study of

Answer 1

all the info within the genome

Question 2

bioinformatics =

Answer 2

computational tools to analyse genetic info

Question 3

genome sequencing

Answer 3

-map DNA to identify order of fragments
-use software to find sequence overlaps
-generate full sequence from all fragments

Question 4

way to identify protein coding genes in the genome

Answer 4

comparing sequences between species using an app - BLAST

Question 5

sequencing of …. helps to identify protein coding genes and location of exons

Answer 5

cDNAs

Question 6

prediction of protein sequences

Answer 6

once protein coding genes have been identified its possible to predict the amino acid sequence encoded by each gene
-because we know the triplet code

Question 7

prediction of protein function

Answer 7

once protein coding genes have been identified its possible to predict the function of the protein encoded by each gene

Question 8

app to identify gene families within species that have similar functions

Answer 8

CLUSTAL-W

Question 9

identify of sequences are conserved between species allows

Answer 9

-identification of functional regions in proteins as these are likely to be conserved between species
-study of how protein sequences encoded by conserved genes have changed during evolution

Question 10

mapping of human genes to chromosomes

Answer 10

characterisation of the human genome sequence allows mapping of genes to each of the chromosomes
-so can locate position of genes coding for specific protein sequences and genes associated with human disease

Question 11

protein structure can be identified using

Answer 11

X ray diffraction patterns generated from protein crystals

Question 12

protein coding sequences are only ..% of the genome

Answer 12

2

Question 13

cDNA sequences only contain ….

Answer 13

exons

Question 14

NCBI - genome browser allows

Answer 14

ability to view gene organisation and any alternative splicing

Question 15

1000 genome project

Answer 15

aim - identify small number of differences in the genomes of different human groups
-genome of individuals are 99.9% same but individuals have differences at single nucleotides spread across genome - SNPs

then 100,000 genome project began

Question 16

has cost of sequencing increased or reduced over time

Answer 16

reduced

Question 17

microbiome and how is it identified

Answer 17

specific set of microorganisms found on individuals
-identified by sequencing DNA from all the microorganisms on an individual
-differs between individuals but each individual has a constant personal microbiome

Question 18

what has led to synthetic biology where new genes are constructed using DNA synthesis chemistry

Answer 18

-minimum no. of genes necessary for life
–>transformation of 1 microbe into a new form with the synthesised genome

Question 19

transcriptomics - study of

Answer 19

all expressed genes in a cell or tissue

Question 20

what is CLUSTAL-W used for

Answer 20

identification of conserved gene or protein sequences between organisms

Question 21

what does the Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE) project search for

Answer 21

all elements in the genome

Question 22

what is thought to be the minimum number of genes sufficient for life

Answer 22

473