genomes & bioinformatics Flashcards
genomics is the study of
all the info within the genome
bioinformatics =
computational tools to analyse genetic info
genome sequencing
-map DNA to identify order of fragments
-use software to find sequence overlaps
-generate full sequence from all fragments
way to identify protein coding genes in the genome
comparing sequences between species using an app - BLAST
sequencing of …. helps to identify protein coding genes and location of exons
cDNAs
prediction of protein sequences
once protein coding genes have been identified its possible to predict the amino acid sequence encoded by each gene
-because we know the triplet code
prediction of protein function
once protein coding genes have been identified its possible to predict the function of the protein encoded by each gene
app to identify gene families within species that have similar functions
CLUSTAL-W
identify of sequences are conserved between species allows
-identification of functional regions in proteins as these are likely to be conserved between species
-study of how protein sequences encoded by conserved genes have changed during evolution
mapping of human genes to chromosomes
characterisation of the human genome sequence allows mapping of genes to each of the chromosomes
-so can locate position of genes coding for specific protein sequences and genes associated with human disease
protein structure can be identified using
X ray diffraction patterns generated from protein crystals
protein coding sequences are only ..% of the genome
2
cDNA sequences only contain ….
exons
NCBI - genome browser allows
ability to view gene organisation and any alternative splicing
1000 genome project
aim - identify small number of differences in the genomes of different human groups
-genome of individuals are 99.9% same but individuals have differences at single nucleotides spread across genome - SNPs
then 100,000 genome project began
has cost of sequencing increased or reduced over time
reduced
microbiome and how is it identified
specific set of microorganisms found on individuals
-identified by sequencing DNA from all the microorganisms on an individual
-differs between individuals but each individual has a constant personal microbiome
what has led to synthetic biology where new genes are constructed using DNA synthesis chemistry
-minimum no. of genes necessary for life
–>transformation of 1 microbe into a new form with the synthesised genome
transcriptomics - study of
all expressed genes in a cell or tissue
what is CLUSTAL-W used for
identification of conserved gene or protein sequences between organisms
what does the Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE) project search for
all elements in the genome
what is thought to be the minimum number of genes sufficient for life
473
