Genome organization Flashcards
What is the difference between a genetic map and a physical map?
Genetic map are maps based on the frequency of which two landmarks are inherited together (Genetic linkage distance) in centrimorgans. These maps locate gener based on genetic recombination frequencies. Uses genetic markers.
Physical map measure the physical distance in basepairs (physical length of DNA sequence) and rely on the fragmentation of the genome.
What is a VNTR and how can it be used to distinguish individuals.
“Variable number tandem repeats”
These are short sequences of DNA repeated many times and that vary in number among individuals. This is used in DNA fingerprinting (Distinguish between individuals) by doing PCR and gel electroferese can distinguich between individuals.
You have four BACs named A, B, C, and D containing DNA from human chromosome 11. DNA
fingerprinting of these BACs reveals the following banding pattern: A – 100 bp, 500 bp, 1000
bp; B – 250 bp, 500 bp; C – 100 bp, 700 bp, 1250 bp, D – 250 bp, 900 bp, 1500 bp. What is
the order of these BACs on a physical map.
Name and describe at least 3 genetic features are used to identify genes in gene mining.
- Open reading frames: Regions that contains a start codon and is followed by long strand without stop codon.
- Spice sitesA: Regions where introns are spiced out of mRNA
- Untranslated region: Regions flanking genes that are not translated into protein.
- Homology to other genes: Homology to known members of the same gene family in other species.
What is the C value paradox?
The amount of DNA un a haploid genome does not seem to correspond to the complexity of the an organism.
What are pseudogenes and what are some common defects associated with them?
Pseudogenes are DNA segments that are non functional , but resemble functional genes. Some common defects of pseudogenes is that they are missing a promotor and start codon, frameshift. mutations, premature stop codons, missing introns and has partial deletions
What is the difference between a SINE and a LINE?
LINE and SINE are transposable elements. ( DNA sequences that can move from one location on the genome to another, jumping genes. These can cause mutations and altering of the genome size.)
LINEs and SINEs are short and long retro transposable elements that invade new genomic sites using RNA intermediates. LINEs code for their own revers transcriptase enzym ans integrase to copy and integrate themself into the genome, while SINEs depend on LINEs reverse transcriptase.
Classify the following genetic element:
AGGGTCCAGT
This is a satelite as it is a repetitive DNA sequence consisting of repeated words. More precise a minisatelite as it contains words from 7-25 basepairs.
What are the four types of chromosomes and what determines their classification?
Telocentric, Acrosentric, submetacentric and metacentric. The centromeres position determine the type of chromosome.
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Why are histones important for gene regulation?
The histon tails can be modifies to control chromatin configuration. Euchromatin is open and transcription can occur, while heterochromatin is tightly packed and closed and therefore no transcription. Histones serves as a mechanism to control gene expression.
Why are calico cats female?
Coat color of calico cats is sex linked. Male cats only have one X chromosome, so they can only have the allele for black or orange. Female cats have two X chromosomes, so can be heterozygous containing an allele for both black and orange. One X chromosome is inactivated randomly during
embryonic development, so the chromosome determining coat color contains the orange allele in
some places and the black allele in others.
