Genocide and Hate Crime Flashcards
Hate Crime Definition
An umbrella concept used to describe crimes motivated by prejudice
Boeckmann and Turpin-Petrosino (2002)
It’s hard to find a global definition for hate crime as placing people into categories relies heavily on social norms, cultural differences and political interests
Carol Jenkins (1960s)
Black woman murdered on a paper round in Indianapolis while in a white-only area. Took 30 years to solve case as police were corrupt
Stephan Lawrence (1993)
British teenager murdered in racially motivated attack. Errors in the investigation happened and police deemed corrupt
Zahid Mübarek (2000)
Black man murdered in his cell after being placed with a known-racist criminal.
Tajfel and Turner (1986)
Social Identity Theory - People feel differently when they have a group membership and views seem more normative.
Scapegoat Theory Researchers
Allport (1954), Heitmeyer (1993) and Staub (2012)
Haslam (2006)
The other is seen as less human than the in-group
4 Types of hate crimes (McDevitt et al, 2002)
- Thrill seekers - for the ‘buzz’ or power
- Defensive offenders - to protect threatened resources
- Retaliatory offenders - to avenge perceived injustice
- Mission offenders - champions of the in-group
Disengagement from morality - Bandura (1999)
- Perception altercation
- Minimalisation of impacts
- Displacement of individual moral responsibility
- Devaluing and dehumanising victims
Festinger (1957)
Cognitive dissonante - Bandura used this to develop their justification for health crime theories.
Differences between hate crime and other crimes/criminals
Hateful motivation
Clear targets
Social visibility
Perpetrators tend to also do other crimes
Perceived financial, peer and self-esteem benefits
Stages of Genocide
- Classification
- Symbolism
- Discrimination
- Dehumanisation
- Organisation
- Polarisation
- Preparation
- Persecution
- Extermination
- Denial
Classification - Historical Examples
Nazism - Aryan and non-Aryan
Rwandan Genocide - Hutu and Tutsi/Twa
Bosnian Genocide - Bosnian Serbs and Bosniaks/Bosnian Muslims
Symbolisation - Historical Examples
Nazism - Jews in Nazi areas were forced to wear a yellow star
Rwandan Genocide - Tutsi height was pointed out
Bosnian Genocide - Creating the terms Banian Croats and Bosniaks
Discrimination - Historical Examples
Nazism - Viewed Jewish people as evil with stringent stereotypes
Rwandan Genocide - Tutsi were seen as above Hutu when white people were in charge
Bosnian Genocide - Building pressures
Dehumanisation - Historical Examples
Nazism - Jews were compared to birds and cockroaches
Rwandan Genocide - Tutsi leaders were referred to as cockroaches
Bosnian Genocide - Richard Rorty: “we aren’t killing fellow human being, we’re killing Muslims
Organisation - Historical Examples
Nazism - Concentration camps were set up
Rwandan Genocide - When Hutu president was killed, they blamed the Tutsi and wanted revenge
Bosnian Genocide - Plans to siege Sarajevo and pillage all Muslims along the way
Polarisation - Historical Examples
Nazism - Posters were placed throughout Nazi occupied places
Rwandan Genocide - It wasn’t known who killed the Hutu leader, they just blamed Tutsi
Bosnian Genocide - Croatian and Serbian political were fighting with each other and publishing their own propaganda
Preparation - Historical Examples
Nazism - Death camps often were shadowed as just work travels or normal prison
Rwandan Genocide - Hutu used ‘cut down the trees’ to refer to the future genocide
Bosnian Genocide - Wanted to dilute the non-Serb bloodline and give Muslims what their ancestors faced
Persecution - Historical Examples
Nazism - Non-Aryan people were mandatory reported and registered
Rwandan Genocide - Hutu had to report which Tutsi lived near them, and Tutsi had ID cards
Bosnian Genocide - Intellectual Bosniaks were often among the first to be executed, with their names drawn up in death lists
Extermination - Historical Examples
Nazism - 6 million Jews dead
Rwandan Genocide - More than 1 million
Bosnian Genocide - 200,000 non-Serbs dead
