Genocide and Hate Crime

Question 1

Hate Crime Definition

Answer 1

An umbrella concept used to describe crimes motivated by prejudice

Question 2

Boeckmann and Turpin-Petrosino (2002)

Answer 2

It’s hard to find a global definition for hate crime as placing people into categories relies heavily on social norms, cultural differences and political interests

Question 3

Carol Jenkins (1960s)

Answer 3

Black woman murdered on a paper round in Indianapolis while in a white-only area. Took 30 years to solve case as police were corrupt

Question 4

Stephan Lawrence (1993)

Answer 4

British teenager murdered in racially motivated attack. Errors in the investigation happened and police deemed corrupt

Question 5

Zahid Mübarek (2000)

Answer 5

Black man murdered in his cell after being placed with a known-racist criminal.

Question 6

Tajfel and Turner (1986)

Answer 6

Social Identity Theory - People feel differently when they have a group membership and views seem more normative.

Question 7

Scapegoat Theory Researchers

Answer 7

Allport (1954), Heitmeyer (1993) and Staub (2012)

Question 8

Haslam (2006)

Answer 8

The other is seen as less human than the in-group

Question 9

4 Types of hate crimes (McDevitt et al, 2002)

Answer 9

1. Thrill seekers - for the ‘buzz’ or power
2. Defensive offenders - to protect threatened resources
3. Retaliatory offenders - to avenge perceived injustice
4. Mission offenders - champions of the in-group

Question 10

Disengagement from morality - Bandura (1999)

Answer 10

1. Perception altercation
2. Minimalisation of impacts
3. Displacement of individual moral responsibility
4. Devaluing and dehumanising victims

Question 11

Festinger (1957)

Answer 11

Cognitive dissonante - Bandura used this to develop their justification for health crime theories.

Question 12

Differences between hate crime and other crimes/criminals

Answer 12

Hateful motivation
Clear targets
Social visibility
Perpetrators tend to also do other crimes
Perceived financial, peer and self-esteem benefits

Question 13

Stages of Genocide

Answer 13

1. Classification
2. Symbolism
3. Discrimination
4. Dehumanisation
5. Organisation
6. Polarisation
7. Preparation
8. Persecution
9. Extermination
10. Denial

Question 14

Classification - Historical Examples

Answer 14

Nazism - Aryan and non-Aryan
Rwandan Genocide - Hutu and Tutsi/Twa
Bosnian Genocide - Bosnian Serbs and Bosniaks/Bosnian Muslims

Question 15

Symbolisation - Historical Examples

Answer 15

Nazism - Jews in Nazi areas were forced to wear a yellow star
Rwandan Genocide - Tutsi height was pointed out
Bosnian Genocide - Creating the terms Banian Croats and Bosniaks

Question 16

Discrimination - Historical Examples

Answer 16

Nazism - Viewed Jewish people as evil with stringent stereotypes
Rwandan Genocide - Tutsi were seen as above Hutu when white people were in charge
Bosnian Genocide - Building pressures

Question 17

Dehumanisation - Historical Examples

Answer 17

Nazism - Jews were compared to birds and cockroaches
Rwandan Genocide - Tutsi leaders were referred to as cockroaches
Bosnian Genocide - Richard Rorty: “we aren’t killing fellow human being, we’re killing Muslims

Question 18

Organisation - Historical Examples

Answer 18

Nazism - Concentration camps were set up
Rwandan Genocide - When Hutu president was killed, they blamed the Tutsi and wanted revenge
Bosnian Genocide - Plans to siege Sarajevo and pillage all Muslims along the way

Question 19

Polarisation - Historical Examples

Answer 19

Nazism - Posters were placed throughout Nazi occupied places
Rwandan Genocide - It wasn’t known who killed the Hutu leader, they just blamed Tutsi
Bosnian Genocide - Croatian and Serbian political were fighting with each other and publishing their own propaganda

Question 20

Preparation - Historical Examples

Answer 20

Nazism - Death camps often were shadowed as just work travels or normal prison
Rwandan Genocide - Hutu used ‘cut down the trees’ to refer to the future genocide
Bosnian Genocide - Wanted to dilute the non-Serb bloodline and give Muslims what their ancestors faced

Question 21

Persecution - Historical Examples

Answer 21

Nazism - Non-Aryan people were mandatory reported and registered
Rwandan Genocide - Hutu had to report which Tutsi lived near them, and Tutsi had ID cards
Bosnian Genocide - Intellectual Bosniaks were often among the first to be executed, with their names drawn up in death lists

Question 22

Extermination - Historical Examples

Answer 22

Nazism - 6 million Jews dead
Rwandan Genocide - More than 1 million
Bosnian Genocide - 200,000 non-Serbs dead