Genitourinary System Flashcards
Urinary system functions
Excretion of toxic nitrogenous substances in the urine to maintain a healthy balance of the amount and content of extra cellular fluid inside the body.
Homeostasis
state of steady internal, physical, and chemical conditions maintained by living systems.
What does metabolism do
Changes food and liquid (fats, carbs, proteins ) into building blocks, energy sources, and waste products.
Breakdown of proteins and amino acids in the liver leaves …. in the blood stream
Chemical waste (urea, creatinine, uric acid)
Act of releasing urine
Urination
Voiding
Or micturition
Urinary system is composed of
2 kidneys
2 ureters
Urinary bladder
Urethra
Kidney function
Filter blood & eliminate waste through passage of urine
Work of urinary system is done mainly by
Specialised tissue in kidney called parenchymal tissue.
Ureters
thin, muscular tubes that move urine in peristaltic waves from the kidneys to the bladder.
Bladder
sac that stores the urine until it is excreted.
Bladder is linedwith
Epithelial mucous membrane of transitional cells Then Lamina propria Then Detruser muscles
Detruser muscles
Contract to release urine
Lamina propria composed of…. and their purpose..
connective tissues that hold blood vessels and nerves.
Urethra
is the tube that conducts the urine out of the bladder .
Opening of urethra
Urinary meatus
Trigone
The triangular area in the bladder between the ureters entrance and the urethral outlet
Ureters, bladder and urethra are al …tissue
Stromal (supportive tissue)
Kidneys are located
high in the abdominal cavity, tucked under the ribs in the back and behind the lining the abdominal cavity ( retroperitoneal )
The normal human kidney is about the size of a
Fist
Renal capsule
The tough outer covering of the kidney
cortex (pl. cortices)
Outer portion of kidney (inside the capsule)
Medulla (pl medullae)
inner portion of kidney
The renal pelvis and calyces (sing. calyx) are an extension of
The ureter inside the kidney
Renal pyramids
triangular sections that extend from the renal medulla toward the renal pelvis .
Papilla
The downward point of the pyramid
Renal
Pertaining to the kidney
The ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) is
the area where the ureter joins the renal pelvis. Usually is a site of obstruction
The hilum (pl. hila)
the location on the kidney where the ureter and renal vein leave the kidney and the renal artery enters
nephrons
Millions of microscopic units in the tissues of cortex where blood undergoes urinary filtration, reabsorption, and secretion that measures, monitors, and adjusts the levels of substances in the extracellular fluid
Uria
urinary condition
Anuria
Condition of no urine
Dysuria
Condition of painful urination
Enuresis
Bed wetting (can be nocturnal or diurnal)
Nephr/o
Kidney
acute nephritic syndrome
Hypertension , hematuria , and proteinuria ( protein in the urine ) resulting from damage to the glomeruli.
Golmeruli
filtering unit of the kidney, is a unique bundle of capillaries located in nephrons
Nephrotic syndrome / nephrosis
Abnormal group of signs in the kidney, characterized by proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia and edema, may occur in glomerular disease and as a complication of many systemic diseases (eg, diabetes mellitus ).
hypoalbuminemia
abnormally low levels of albumin in the blood
Vesicoureteral reflux
Abnormal backflow of urine from bladder to ureter
Py/o
Pus
Pyonephrosis
Pyogenic infection of the kidney
Hydronephrosis
Dilation of the renal pelvis and calices because of obstruction of the flow of urine
Nocturia
Excessive urination at night
Oliguria
Condition of scanty or little urination
Olig/o
Few
Polyuria
Condition of excessive urination
Urinary retention
Inability to release urine
Vesical tenesmus
Bladder spasms causing feeling of not complete emptiness of bladder
Vesic/o
Bladder
Extravasation of urine
Urine leaking outside the bladder into surrounding tissue
Hematuria
Blood in urine
Incontinence urinary
Inability to hold urine
Ren/o
Kidney
Extrarenal uremia
Uremia due to kidney failure caused by disease outside the kidney eg: heart failure
Uremia
Excessive urea in blood
Urolothiasis
Stones in anywhere in the urinary tract. Usually in bladder or renal pelvis
Cystolithiasis
Stones in urinary bladder
What is the reason for urinary calculi (stones)
Excess if mineral calcium
Nephroptosis
Sagging of the kidney
Cyst/o
Bladder
Cystitis
Inflammation of the bladder
Interstitial terminology
Inter: between
Stiti/o: space
Al: pertaining to
Interstitial cystitis (IC)
Painful inflammation of the wall of the bladder. Symptoms include urinary frequency and urgency
Trigonitis
Inflammation of the bladder between the inlet of the ureters and outlet of urethra
Urethral stricture (urethral stenosis)
Narrowing of the urethra
Urinary tract infection (UTI)
Infections anywhere in the urinary system caused by bacteria, parasites, yeast and protozoa.
Cystectomy
Cutting out part or all of the urinary bladder.
Cystolithotomy
Incision to cut a stone out of the urinary bladder.
Lithotomy vs lithotripsy
Cutting out a stone vs crushing a stone
Cystoscopy
Viewing and examination of urinary bladder using cystoscope
Lithotripsy
Stone crushing tp prevent or clean an obstruction in the urinary system. Using high energy shock waves or a dye laser. Fragments may be washed out or expelled naturally
Nepherectomy
Resection of the kidney
Nephrolithotomy
Incision of the kidney for removal of a kidney stone.
Nephropexy
Suspension of fixation of the kidney
Nephrostomy
Opening made in the kidney so that a catheter can be inserted
Nephrotomy
. Incision of the kidney.
Renal dialysis
Process of diffusing blood across a semipermeable membrane to remove substances that a healthy kidney would eliminate , including poisons, drugs, urea, unc acid , and creatinine .
Dialysis
Dia: complete
Lysis: breaking down
Renal transplant
Surgical transfer of a kidney from a donor to a recipient
Urthrolysis
Destruction of adhesions of the urethra
Urinalysis
Physical, chemical, and/ or microscopic examination of urine
Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
Blood test that measures the amount of nitrogenous waste in the circulatory system ; an increased level is an indicator of kidney dysfunction.
Hemodialysis (HD)
Type of renal dialysis that cleanses the blood by shunting it from the body through a machine for diffusion and ultrafiltration and then returning it to the patient’s circulation
