Genitourinary - Patholigies Flashcards
Name 5 kidney dysfunctions
Filtration failure Hypertension, water retention Metabolic acidosis Anaemia Vitamin D deficiency
4 causes of inflammation in kidney
Infection
Metabolic- diabetic nephropathy
Nephritic syndrome
Nephrotic syndrome
2 examples of obstructive urinary disorders
Stones
Benign prostatic hypertrophy
2 genetic kidney diseases?
Horshoes kidney
Polycystic kidneys
Inflammation of the bladder and kidney?
Cystitis
Pyelonephritis
Bacteria most com,on cause
3 forms of management in UTIs?
Antibiotics
Pain control
Support eg. Hydration
How might a UTI present in a dipstick test?
Leukocytes +ve
Nitrite
Trace of blood
How can immunological kidney diseases present?
Proteinuria
Nephrotic syndrome
Nephritic syndrome
Nephrotic vs nephritic
Proteinuria
Haematuria
How can nephritic syndrome present?
Haematuria Variable proteinuria Hypertension Reduced urine output Increased urea and creatinine
What is the most common primary glomeruneohritis?
IgA nephropathy
What is the pathophysiology of IgA nephropathy?
IgA antibody deposited in kidney
Leads to scarring and inflammation
Nephritic syndrome
Can progress to kidney failure
What are the treatment options for IgA nephropathy?
Treat hypertension - angiotensin receptor inhibitor / ACE inhibitor Reduce proteinuria Reduce sodium intake Immunotherapy Renal replacement therapy
What is goodpastures disease?
Affects kidneys and lungs
Anti glomerular basement membrane mediated
Antigen = a3chain of type 4 collagen
What is the most common cause of chronic kidney disease and fia,ure in the west?
Diabetic nephropathy
Risk factors for diabetic neon?
Hypertension
Poorly managed diabetes
Smoking
Clinical features of diabetic nephropathy?
Microalbuminuria
Proteinuria
Retinopathy, neuropathy
Treatment options for diabetic nephropathy?
Diabetic control Hypertension treatment Reduce proteinuria - ARB/ACEI Stop smoking SGLT2 inhibitor Dialysis, transplant
How can nephrotic syndrome present? (6)
Peripheral oedema, pitting Severe proteinuria Low serum albumin Variable microscopic haematuria Hyperlipidaemia Frothy urine
4 causes of nephrotic syndrome?
Minimal change glomerulopathy
Membranous nephropathy
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
Lupus nephritis
How can minimal change glomerulopathy present?
Children most common Podocyte effacement (flattened) under electron microscope
Nephrotic syndrome treatment?
Immunotherapy - corticosteroids, tacrolimus (targets B cell pathway)
Diuretics to reduce oedema
Anticoagulant to prevent thrombosis
Where can stones be found?
Kidney
Bladder
Ureter
How can stones present?
Abdomen, back pain
Haematuria
Urine infection
Radio - opaque stones (90%)
Give 3 specific treatments for stones?
Shockwave lithotripsy (sound waves break up stones)
Ureteroscopy
Percutaneous nephrolithotomy
What are the 2 main types of polycystic kidneys?
Neonatal - autosomal recessive
Adult - autosomal dominant
What is the treatment for polycyclic kidneys?
Tolvaptan slows down cyst formation (vasopressin receptor 2 antagonis)
Treat hypertension and infection
Pain control
Renal replacement therapy
How can diabetic nephropathy cause tiredness?
More toxins in the blood
Reduced erythropoietin output leading to anaemia
