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BRS > Derm - general > Flashcards

Derm - general Flashcards

1
Q

Where does epidermis and dermis originate from?

A

Ectoderm

Mesoderm

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2
Q

White waxy protective substance secreted by?

A

Vernix caseosa secreted by periderm

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3
Q

4 strata proximal to distal?

A

Spinosum
Granulosum
Lucidum
Corneum

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4
Q

Which stratum is only found on palms and soles?

A

Lucidum

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5
Q

Where do melanoblasts originate from and what do they mature to?

A

Neural crest

Melanocytes

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6
Q

What regulates melamine?

A

Melanocortin 1 receptor

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7
Q

How is MC1R controlled? Agonists and antagonist

A

a melanocyte stimulating hormone
Adenocorticotrophic hormone
(Agonists) - synthesis of eumelanin & up regulation of mc1r gene

Agouti signalling protein (antagonist)
- pheomelanin production

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8
Q

How does UV exposure increase melanin content? (2)

A

Increased MITF experession and melanogenic proteins → increase in melanin

Increased PAR2 in keratinocytes → increased uptake and distribution of melanosomes

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9
Q

What cells make up epidermis and where do they divide?

A

Keratinocytes in basal layer

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10
Q

How long does it take keratinocytes to migrate from basal layer to surface?

A

30 days

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11
Q

What keratinocytes cytoskeleton consist of? (3)

A

Actin microfilaments
Tubulin microtubules
Keratin filaments

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12
Q

5 roles of keratins?

A 
Structural
Cell signalling
Stress response
Apoptosis
Wound healing
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13
Q

Function of desomsomes? (4)

A

Adhesion complex
Anchor keratin to cell membrane
Bridge adjacent keratinocytes
Allow cells to withstand trauma

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14
Q

Function of gap junctions?

A

Connect cytoplasm of adjacent keratinocytes

Cell synchtonization, differentiation, growth and metabolic coordination

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15
Q

What are gap junctions?

A

Intercellular channels, connexons

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16
Q

Function of adherens junctions?

A

Engage actin skeleton , transmembrane

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17
Q

Function of tight junctions?

A

Barrier integrity

Cell polarity

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18
Q

Structure and function of melanocytes?

A

Dendritic

Distribute melanin to keratinocytes

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19
Q

Granules containing melanin?

A

Melanosomes

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20
Q

Structure, function and location of langerhans cells?

A

Dendritic
APC
Epidermis

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21
Q

Function of merkel cells?

A

Mechanosensory receptors

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22
Q

Cells found in epidermis? (5j

A 
Keratinocytes 
Melanocytes 
Langerhans cells
Merkel cells
Mast cells
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23
Q

Structure and function of basement membrane? (Dermal epidermal junction)

A

Collagens 4 & 7
Laminin
Integrins

Cell adhesion and migration

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24
Q

2 types of dermis?

A

Papillary - superficial, loose, vascular

Reticular - deep, dense, bulk of dermis

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25
Q

Proteins found in dermis?

A

Collagen types 1 & 3

Fibrilln & elastin

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26
Q

Glycoproteins (3) in dermis and their function?

A

Fibronectin, fibulin, integrins

Cell adhesion and motility

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27
Q

Ground substance in dermis?

A

Between dermis collagens and elastic tissue

Glycosaminoglycan and proteoglycan

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28
Q

Primary cells of dermis.

A

Fibroblasts

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29
Q

Other dermis cells? (5)

A 
Histiocytes
 Mast cells
Neutrophils
Lympocytes
Dermal dendritic cells
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30
Q

Blood supply of skin and it’s location?

A

Superficial and depp vascular plexus

Dermis only

31
Q

2 types of inner action of skin?

A

Sensory

Autonomic

32
Q

Where are afferent nerves found and how are they distributed

A

In superficial dermis

More in face, extremities and genitalia than rest of body

33
Q

2 types of afferent nerves and their receptors?

A

Corpuscular - encapsulated

Free - non encapsulated

34
Q

Where are corpuscular encapsulated nerves found? Examples

A

Dermis
Pacinian
Meissmers

35
Q

Where are free non-encapsulated nerves found? Examples

A

Epidermis

Merkel cell

36
Q

Meissmers corpuscles - structure , location , distribution, function

A

Encapsulated , unmyelinated , lamellated capsule

Superficial dermis

Thick hairless skin eg lips and finger tips

Mechanoreceptors - light touch and low frequency vibration

37
Q

Ruffin I corpuscles - structure , location , distribution, function

A

Spindle shaped

Deep dermis

Fingernails

Mechanoreceptor - skin stretch and object slippage

38
Q

Pacinian corpuscles - structure , location , distribution, function

A

Encapsulated , ovoid

Dermal papillae of hands and feet

Phasic mechanoreceptor - deep pressure and vibration (surface texture)

39
Q

Merkel cells - structure , location , distribution, function

A

Non-encapsulated, ovoid

Directly above basement membrane

Fingertips, palms, soles, genitalia, oral

Mechanoreceptor - light sustained pressure

40
Q

6 functions of the skin?

A 
Immunological barrier
Physical barrier
Thermoregulation
Sensation 
Metabolism
Aesthetic appearance
41
Q

Immune cells of skin?

A

Langerhans cells in epidermis

42
Q

How do langerhans cells sense environment?

A

Dendritic process extend through intercellular tight junctions
→ can sample stratum corneum

43
Q

What do langerhans cells do in resting state?

A

Promote expansion and activation of Tregs

44
Q

What happens when langerhans cell encounter antigen?

A

Innate response initiated

Cells mature and migrate to activate T cells → adaptive immune response

45
Q

Immune cells in dermis? (3)

A

Tissue resident T cells
Macrophages
Dendritic cells

46
Q

Purpose of immune cells in dermis?

A

Rapid backup if epidermis is breached

47
Q

2 keratinocyte-derived endogenous antibiotics?

A

Defensins
Cathelcidins

Innate immunity

48
Q

Function of stratum corneum as a physical barrier?

A

Restricts water and protein loss from skin

49
Q

Skins role as a UV barrier?

A

Melanin I’m basal keratinocytes protects against UV DNA damage

50
Q

Role of subcutaneous fat?

A

Cushions trauma
Calorie reserve
Release leptin hormone

51
Q

How does the skin act as a thermoregulator?

A

Vasoconstriction and vasodilation in deep and superficial vascular plexuses

Eccrine sweat glands → cooling

52
Q

What is the function of leptin?

A

Acts on hypothalamus to regulate hunger and energy metabolism

53
Q

What vitamin does skin make?

A

D

54
Q

6 functions of the hair?

A 
Protection against external factors 
Sebum 
Approcrine sweat
Thermoregulation
Social and sexual interaction
Epithelial and melanocytes stem cells
55
Q

Two types of hair and location?

A

Terminal hair - scalp, eyelashes and eyebrows

Vellum hair - rest of body

56
Q

There steps of hair cycle? (ACT)

A

Anagen , growth, most hair, 2-6 yrs
Catagen , regression, least hair, 3 weeks
Telogen , resting , 3 months

57
Q

Describe structure of hair follicle?

A

Pilosebaceous unit
Pocket of epithelium continuous with superficial epidermis
Small papila of dermis at base

58
Q

Where does arrector pili attach?

A

Surface of dermis and point of follicle wall

59
Q

Name of gland associated with follicle?

A

Sebaceous glands

Open into piliary canal

60
Q

2 divisions of hair follicle and location?

A

Infundibulum from sebaceous gland to skin surface

Isthmus from arrector pili,uncle to sebaceous gland

61
Q

Type of epithelial keratinisation in hair follicle?

A

Trichilemmal keratinisation

62
Q

Where do hair follicle stem cells reside?

A

Bulge of outer root level of arrector pili

63
Q

2 ways in which hair stem cells migrate?

A

Downward- to generate lower anagen hair follicle in matrix → terminal differentiation to form hair shaft and inner root sheath

Upward - form sebaceous glands , proliferation in response to wounds

64
Q

What does the bulb consist of?

A

Follicular dermal papila and hair matrix (lowest portion)

65
Q

Function and location of outer root sheath?

A

From hair bulb to infundibulum

Stem cell reservoir

66
Q

Function of inner root sheath?

A

Guides and shapes hair

67
Q

5 functions of the nails?

A 
Protect distal phalanx 
Counter pressure effect → walking and tactile sensation
Increases dexterity
Sensory discrimination 
Sractching/grooming
68
Q

Structure of nail plate?

A

From nail matrix keratinocytes
From proximal nail fold to hyponychium
Attaches to nail bed
Lined with lateral nail folds

69
Q

Function, cells and location of nail matrix?

A

Produces nail plate
Under proximal nail fold above distal phalanx

Differentiated keratinocytes and some melanocytes

Lunula = visible part

70
Q

Explain the differentiation of nail matrix keratinocytes

A

Lose their nuclei
Become adherent
Cytoplasm completely filled with hard keratins

71
Q

What is the difference between eccrine and apocrine glands?

A

Eccrine glands are found over most of the body and open directly onto surface of skin

Apocrine glands open into hair follicles, found on scalp, armpits, groin

72
Q

In which stratum do keratinocytes lack nuclei and organelles?

A

Stratum corneum

73
Q

Where are vascular plexuses found?

A

Dermis

BRS (7 decks)

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