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Derm - general Flashcards

1
Q

Where does epidermis and dermis originate from?

A

Ectoderm

Mesoderm

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2
Q

White waxy protective substance secreted by?

A

Vernix caseosa secreted by periderm

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3
Q

4 strata proximal to distal?

A

Spinosum
Granulosum
Lucidum
Corneum

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4
Q

Which stratum is only found on palms and soles?

A

Lucidum

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5
Q

Where do melanoblasts originate from and what do they mature to?

A

Neural crest

Melanocytes

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6
Q

What regulates melamine?

A

Melanocortin 1 receptor

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7
Q

How is MC1R controlled? Agonists and antagonist

A

a melanocyte stimulating hormone
Adenocorticotrophic hormone
(Agonists) - synthesis of eumelanin & up regulation of mc1r gene

Agouti signalling protein (antagonist)
- pheomelanin production

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8
Q

How does UV exposure increase melanin content? (2)

A

Increased MITF experession and melanogenic proteins → increase in melanin

Increased PAR2 in keratinocytes → increased uptake and distribution of melanosomes

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9
Q

What cells make up epidermis and where do they divide?

A

Keratinocytes in basal layer

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10
Q

How long does it take keratinocytes to migrate from basal layer to surface?

A

30 days

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11
Q

What keratinocytes cytoskeleton consist of? (3)

A

Actin microfilaments
Tubulin microtubules
Keratin filaments

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12
Q

5 roles of keratins?

A 
Structural
Cell signalling
Stress response
Apoptosis
Wound healing
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13
Q

Function of desomsomes? (4)

A

Adhesion complex
Anchor keratin to cell membrane
Bridge adjacent keratinocytes
Allow cells to withstand trauma

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14
Q

Function of gap junctions?

A

Connect cytoplasm of adjacent keratinocytes

Cell synchtonization, differentiation, growth and metabolic coordination

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15
Q

What are gap junctions?

A

Intercellular channels, connexons

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16
Q

Function of adherens junctions?

A

Engage actin skeleton , transmembrane

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17
Q

Function of tight junctions?

A

Barrier integrity

Cell polarity

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18
Q

Structure and function of melanocytes?

A

Dendritic

Distribute melanin to keratinocytes

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19
Q

Granules containing melanin?

A

Melanosomes

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20
Q

Structure, function and location of langerhans cells?

A

Dendritic
APC
Epidermis

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21
Q

Function of merkel cells?

A

Mechanosensory receptors

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22
Q

Cells found in epidermis? (5j

A 
Keratinocytes 
Melanocytes 
Langerhans cells
Merkel cells
Mast cells
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23
Q

Structure and function of basement membrane? (Dermal epidermal junction)

A

Collagens 4 & 7
Laminin
Integrins

Cell adhesion and migration

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24
Q

2 types of dermis?

A

Papillary - superficial, loose, vascular

Reticular - deep, dense, bulk of dermis

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25
Proteins found in dermis?
Collagen types 1 & 3 | Fibrilln & elastin
26
Glycoproteins (3) in dermis and their function?
Fibronectin, fibulin, integrins Cell adhesion and motility
27
Ground substance in dermis?
Between dermis collagens and elastic tissue Glycosaminoglycan and proteoglycan
28
Primary cells of dermis.
Fibroblasts
29
Other dermis cells? (5)
``` Histiocytes Mast cells Neutrophils Lympocytes Dermal dendritic cells ```
30
Blood supply of skin and it’s location?
Superficial and depp vascular plexus | Dermis only
31
2 types of inner action of skin?
Sensory | Autonomic
32
Where are afferent nerves found and how are they distributed
In superficial dermis | More in face, extremities and genitalia than rest of body
33
2 types of afferent nerves and their receptors?
Corpuscular - encapsulated | Free - non encapsulated
34
Where are corpuscular encapsulated nerves found? Examples
Dermis Pacinian Meissmers
35
Where are free non-encapsulated nerves found? Examples
Epidermis | Merkel cell
36
Meissmers corpuscles - structure , location , distribution, function
Encapsulated , unmyelinated , lamellated capsule Superficial dermis Thick hairless skin eg lips and finger tips Mechanoreceptors - light touch and low frequency vibration
37
Ruffin I corpuscles - structure , location , distribution, function
Spindle shaped Deep dermis Fingernails Mechanoreceptor - skin stretch and object slippage
38
Pacinian corpuscles - structure , location , distribution, function
Encapsulated , ovoid Dermal papillae of hands and feet Phasic mechanoreceptor - deep pressure and vibration (surface texture)
39
Merkel cells - structure , location , distribution, function
Non-encapsulated, ovoid Directly above basement membrane Fingertips, palms, soles, genitalia, oral Mechanoreceptor - light sustained pressure
40
6 functions of the skin?
``` Immunological barrier Physical barrier Thermoregulation Sensation Metabolism Aesthetic appearance ```
41
Immune cells of skin?
Langerhans cells in epidermis
42
How do langerhans cells sense environment?
Dendritic process extend through intercellular tight junctions → can sample stratum corneum
43
What do langerhans cells do in resting state?
Promote expansion and activation of Tregs
44
What happens when langerhans cell encounter antigen?
Innate response initiated | Cells mature and migrate to activate T cells → adaptive immune response
45
Immune cells in dermis? (3)
Tissue resident T cells Macrophages Dendritic cells
46
Purpose of immune cells in dermis?
Rapid backup if epidermis is breached
47
2 keratinocyte-derived endogenous antibiotics?
Defensins Cathelcidins Innate immunity
48
Function of stratum corneum as a physical barrier?
Restricts water and protein loss from skin
49
Skins role as a UV barrier?
Melanin I’m basal keratinocytes protects against UV DNA damage
50
Role of subcutaneous fat?
Cushions trauma Calorie reserve Release leptin hormone
51
How does the skin act as a thermoregulator?
Vasoconstriction and vasodilation in deep and superficial vascular plexuses Eccrine sweat glands → cooling
52
What is the function of leptin?
Acts on hypothalamus to regulate hunger and energy metabolism
53
What vitamin does skin make?
D
54
6 functions of the hair?
``` Protection against external factors Sebum Approcrine sweat Thermoregulation Social and sexual interaction Epithelial and melanocytes stem cells ```
55
Two types of hair and location?
Terminal hair - scalp, eyelashes and eyebrows Vellum hair - rest of body
56
There steps of hair cycle? (ACT)
Anagen , growth, most hair, 2-6 yrs Catagen , regression, least hair, 3 weeks Telogen , resting , 3 months
57
Describe structure of hair follicle?
Pilosebaceous unit Pocket of epithelium continuous with superficial epidermis Small papila of dermis at base
58
Where does arrector pili attach?
Surface of dermis and point of follicle wall
59
Name of gland associated with follicle?
Sebaceous glands | Open into piliary canal
60
2 divisions of hair follicle and location?
Infundibulum from sebaceous gland to skin surface Isthmus from arrector pili,uncle to sebaceous gland
61
Type of epithelial keratinisation in hair follicle?
Trichilemmal keratinisation
62
Where do hair follicle stem cells reside?
Bulge of outer root level of arrector pili
63
2 ways in which hair stem cells migrate?
Downward- to generate lower anagen hair follicle in matrix → terminal differentiation to form hair shaft and inner root sheath Upward - form sebaceous glands , proliferation in response to wounds
64
What does the bulb consist of?
Follicular dermal papila and hair matrix (lowest portion)
65
Function and location of outer root sheath?
From hair bulb to infundibulum | Stem cell reservoir
66
Function of inner root sheath?
Guides and shapes hair
67
5 functions of the nails?
``` Protect distal phalanx Counter pressure effect → walking and tactile sensation Increases dexterity Sensory discrimination Sractching/grooming ```
68
Structure of nail plate?
From nail matrix keratinocytes From proximal nail fold to hyponychium Attaches to nail bed Lined with lateral nail folds
69
Function, cells and location of nail matrix?
Produces nail plate Under proximal nail fold above distal phalanx Differentiated keratinocytes and some melanocytes Lunula = visible part
70
Explain the differentiation of nail matrix keratinocytes
Lose their nuclei Become adherent Cytoplasm completely filled with hard keratins
71
What is the difference between eccrine and apocrine glands?
Eccrine glands are found over most of the body and open directly onto surface of skin Apocrine glands open into hair follicles, found on scalp, armpits, groin
72
In which stratum do keratinocytes lack nuclei and organelles?
Stratum corneum
73
Where are vascular plexuses found?
Dermis

BRS (7 decks)

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