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Phase 2a Yellow Conditions > Genitourinary COPY > Flashcards

Genitourinary COPY Flashcards

1
Q

Membranous glomerulonephritis

A

more common in adults

causes

  • antibodies again PLA2R
  • SLE
  • NSAIDs
  • HBV/HCV

diagnosis = renal biopsy EM → thickened glomerular basement membrane

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2
Q

Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis

A

adults

causes

  • idiopathic
  • HIV
  • sickle cell
  • heroin

diagnosis = presence of scarring on glomeruli

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3
Q

Risk factors of testicular cancer

A
  • 20-45
  • male
  • caucasian
  • cryptorchidism
  • previous testicular cancer
  • HIV
  • family history
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4
Q

Presentation of testicular cancer

A
  • palpable lump within the testis
  • non-transilluminable
  • haematospermia
  • often found on self-examination
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5
Q

Investigations for testicular cancer

A
  • urgent US of testes
  • chest xay for pulmonary mets
  • tumour markers → not always raised
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6
Q

Management of testicular cancer

A
  • urgen radical inguinal orchidectomy +/- testicular prosthesis
  • semen cryopreservation
  • treat metastatic disease → chemo, radiotherapy, lymph node dissection
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7
Q

What is pyelonephritis?

A
  • infection of kidneys/upper ureter
  • most commonly acquired by ascending transurethral spread
  • can be via blood or lympatics
  • majority caused by uropathic e.coli
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8
Q

Presentation of pyelonephritis

A
  • triad of loin pain, fever, pyuria
  • costovertebral joint pain
  • severe headache
  • N&V
  • septic shock if advanced
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9
Q

Investigations of pyelonephritis

A
  1. urine dipstick → WBC, microscopic haematuria
  • bloods → inflammatory markers
  • urgent US → stones, obstruction

GOLD STANDARD = mid-stream MC&S → diagnosis of causative agent

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10
Q

Treatment of pyelonephritis

A

Abs

  • cefalexin 7-10 days
  • trimethoprim/amoxicillin if sensitive

analgesia → PCM

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11
Q

What is prostatitis?

A
  • inflammation and swelling of prostate gland
  • most common cause = e.coli
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12
Q

Presentation of prostatitis

A
  • very tender prostate → seen on DRE
  • systemic symptoms → fever, chills, malaise
  • voiding symptoms
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13
Q

Investigations for prostatitis

A
  • U&C → blood and WBCs, bacteria
  • bloods cultures if patients febrile
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14
Q

Management of prostatitis

A

Abs
- ciprofloxacin/levofloxacin 14 days

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15
Q

Which Abs should you avoid in pregnancy?

A
  • trimethoprim = teratogenic
  • nitrofurantoin → avoid at full term
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16
Q

What is an epididymal cyst?

A
  • smooth extra testicular spherical cyst at the epididymis
  • contains clear and milky fluid
  • may be multiple and bilateral
  • painful if large
  • most common cause of scrotal swelling
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17
Q

Investigation for epididymal cyst

A
  • lump found in posterior aspect of testicle
  • can palpate cyst and testis separately
  • US

no treatment needed → dissolve in 10 days

18
Q

Epididymitis

A
  • acute pain, unilateral
  • could be due to previous infection
  • Prehn’s sign +ve
  • treatment = IM ceftriaxone (organism unknown) and doxycycline
19
Q

What is hydrocele?

A
  • abnormal collection of fluid in tunica vaginalis
20
Q

What are the two types of hydrocele?

A
  • simple = overproduction of fluid
  • communicating = peritoneal fluid and scrotum are connected
21
Q

Presentation of hydrocele

A
  • non tender smooth cystic swelling
  • painless unless infected
  • transluminates
22
Q

Treatment of hydrocele

A
  • most resolve spontaneously
  • similar to testicular cancer → rule out
23
Q

What is nephritic syndrome?

A

syndrome presenting as inflammation within the kidney

24
Q

Key features of nephritic syndrome

A
  • haematuria → kidney inflammation
  • oliguria → decreased GFR
  • proteinuria
  • HTN → fluid overload
25
Q

Causes of nephritic syndrome

A
  • SLE
  • post strep glomerulonephritis
  • small vessel vasculitis
  • Goodpasture’s
  • IgA nephropathy
26
Q

Investigations for nephritic syndrome

A

DIAGNOSTIC = kidney biopsy → cause

  • urinalysis → haematuria
  • bloods → high ESR, CRP
27
Q

Management of nephritic syndrome

A
  • treat underlying cause
  • ACEi/ARB → reduced proteinuria, preserves renal function
  • corticosteroids → reduce inflammation
28
Q

What is IgA nephropathy

A
  • AKA Berger disease
  • deposition of IgA into mesangium of kidney → inflammation and damage
29
Q

Presentation of IgA nephropathy

A
  • asymptomatic
  • microscopic haematuria
30
Q

Diagnosis of IgA nephropathy

A
  • biopsy
  • same management as nephritic syndrome
31
Q

What is post strep GN?

A
  • nephritic syndrome following infection 3-6 weeks before
  • deopsition of atrep antigen in glomeruli → inflammation and damage
32
Q

Presentation of post strep GN

A
  • haematuria
  • acute nephritis

diagnosed by evidence of strep infection

33
Q

Treatment of post strep GN

A
  • Abs to clear strep
  • supportive care
34
Q

What is PKD

A
  • clusters of cysts develop within kidneys
  • autosomal dominant
  • PKD1 and PKD2 genes on Cr16
35
Q

Pathophysiology of PKD

A
  1. cysts develop and grow over time in tubular part of nephron
  2. compression of renal architecture and vasculature
    3 progressive impairment
36
Q

Risk factors of PKD

A
  • family history of PKD/CVS events
  • male
  • caucasian
37
Q

Presentation of PKD

A
  • HTN
  • abdominal/flank pain
  • headaches
  • LUTS
  • palpable cysts
38
Q

Investigations for PKD

A

renal US then biopsy

  • <30 → 2 cysts
  • 30-59 → 2 cysts in each kidney
  • >60 → 4 cysts in each kidney
39
Q

Management of PKD

A
  • treat HTN
  • infected - Abs, drain
  • surgical removal → nephrectomy
  • chronic → dialysis/transplant
40
Q

Complications of PKD

A
  • berry aneurysms → rupture causes sub-arachnoid haemorrhage
  • cysts on other organs
  • ventricular hypertrophy

Phase 2a Yellow Conditions (12 decks)

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