Genitourinary Flashcards
1
Q
Membranous glomerulonephritis
A
more common in adults
causes
- antibodies again PLA2R
- SLE
- NSAIDs
- HBV/HCV
diagnosis = renal biopsy EM → thickened glomerular basement membrane
2
Q
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
A
adults
causes
- idiopathic
- HIV
- sickle cell
- heroin
diagnosis = presence of scarring on glomeruli
3
Q
Risk factors of testicular cancer
A
- 20-45
- male
- caucasian
- cryptorchidism
- previous testicular cancer
- HIV
- family history
4
Q
Presentation of testicular cancer
A
- palpable lump within the testis
- non-transilluminable
- haematospermia
- often found on self-examination
5
Q
Investigations for testicular cancer
A
- urgent US of testes
- chest xay for pulmonary mets
- tumour markers → not always raised
6
Q
Management of testicular cancer
A
- urgen radical inguinal orchidectomy +/- testicular prosthesis
- semen cryopreservation
- treat metastatic disease → chemo, radiotherapy, lymph node dissection
7
Q
What is an epididymal cyst?
A
- smooth extra testicular spherical cyst at the epididymis
- contains clear and milky fluid
- may be multiple and bilateral
- painful if large
- most common cause of scrotal swelling
8
Q
Investigation for epididymal cyst
A
- lump found in posterior aspect of testicle
- can palpate cyst and testis separately
- US
no treatment needed → dissolve in 10 days
9
Q
Epididymitis
A
- acute pain, unilateral
- could be due to previous infection
- Prehn’s sign +ve
- treatment = IM ceftriaxone (organism unknown) and doxycycline
10
Q
What is hydrocele?
A
- abnormal collection of fluid in tunica vaginalis
11
Q
What are the two types of hydrocele?
A
- simple = overproduction of fluid
- communicating = peritoneal fluid and scrotum are connected
12
Q
Presentation of hydrocele
A
- non tender smooth cystic swelling
- painless unless infected
- transluminates
13
Q
Treatment of hydrocele
A
- most resolve spontaneously
- similar to testicular cancer → rule out
14
Q
What is PKD
A
- clusters of cysts develop within kidneys
- autosomal dominant
- PKD1 and PKD2 genes on Cr16
15
Q
Pathophysiology of PKD
A
- cysts develop and grow over time in tubular part of nephron
- compression of renal architecture and vasculature
3 progressive impairment
