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Genetics2 Flashcards

0
Q

What is incomplete dominance

A

Both alleles contributes to phenotype of the organism in some individuals , they mix together

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1
Q

What is another name for incomplete dominance

A

Intermediate or blending inheritance

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2
Q

What is codominance

A

Two dominant alleles are expressed at the same time, shares the organism

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3
Q

who is Thomas Hunt Morgan

A

The first person to give evidence that genes are part of chromosomes

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4
Q

What did Thomas hunt Morgan use to discover genes

A

He used drosophila, or fruit flies

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5
Q

Why did he use fruit flies

A

Because the are tiny and use very little space, , easy to raise, produce hundreds of offspring, short reproductive cylce and only 4 pairs of chromosomes

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6
Q

What are sex linked traits

A

A trait controlled by a gene found on the sex chromosome

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7
Q

What is gene linkage

A

When all of the genes on the same chromosome are linked

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8
Q

What is a sex influenced trait

A

A trait not carried on the sex chromosome but is influenced by sex hormones

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9
Q

What is crossing over

A

It occurs during synapsis of the first meiotic division

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10
Q

What is multiple gene inheritance

A

Traits varying between two extremes

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11
Q

What is multiple gene inheritance controlled by

A

The alleles of two or more genes

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12
Q

What does multiple genes involve

A

Two or more different forms of a gene producing a different phenotype

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13
Q

Who created the vaccine against pneumonia

A

Fredrick griffiths

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14
Q

What are the 4 breeding methods

A

Selection inbreeding outbreeding and polyploidy

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15
Q

What is selection

A

The process of choosing animals with the most desirable traits for breeding

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16
Q

What is inbreeding

A

The mating of closely mated individuals to obtain desired characteristics

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17
Q

What is outbreeding

A

When individuals not closely related are mated together to introduce new beneficial alleles to the population

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18
Q

What is hybrid vigor

A

Special traits often found and hybrid crosses of the two close species to obtain superior characteristics

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19
Q

What is polyploidy

A

A condition and which an organism has some multiple of the normal chromosome number

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20
Q

What is inversion

A

A type of change that involves reversing the fragment of the original chromosome

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21
Q

What are jumping genes

A

Genes that I can jump from Genes to genes

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22
Q

Who discovered jumping genes and when

A

It was discovered in 1948 by Barbara McClintork

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23
Q

What is another name for jumping genes

A

Transposons

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24
Q

How do jumping genes develop

A

They develop the same way as viruses do and they are a DNA parasite

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25
Q

What are the 4 ways to detect genetic disorders

A

Karyotyping amniocentesis chorionic villus sampling and fetoscopy

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26
Q

What is amniocentesis

A

When doctors take a sample of the amniotic fluid

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27
Q

What is a fetoscopy

A

Direct observation of the fetus

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28
Q

What is the typical cause of cancer

A

An accumulation of mutations in DNA

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29
Q

What are the two classes of genes that direct production of proteins that regulate cell growth and division

A

Growth factors and Torom suppressor genes

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30
Q

What does a growth factor do

A

Starts growth

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31
Q

What does a turom suppressor gene do

A

Stops growth

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32
Q

What’s is a mutation

A

Any change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA

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33
Q

Why are some mutations important

A

Because without mutations there would be no evolution

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34
Q

What is an autosomal dominant disorder

A

A disorder transmitted from genes inherited from one parent

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35
Q

What is an autosomal recessive disorder

A

A disorder transmitted from the genes inherited from both parents

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36
Q

What does the term autosome apply to

A

Any of the first 22 chromosomes

37
Q

What are sex linked disorders

A

Genetic disorders associated with the X or Y chromosome

38
Q

What is an X-chromosome

A

A female chromosome

39
Q

What is the Y chromosome

A

A male chromosome

40
Q

What are multifactorial genetic disorders

A

The development of genetic disorders involving environmental factors outside the organism itself

41
Q

What are the five accidents affecting chromosomes

A

Nondisjunction duplication addition deletion inversion and jumping Jean

42
Q

What is nondisjunction

A

The failure of homologous chromosomes to separate during meiosis

43
Q

What can cause nondisjunction

A

Having children at older ages

44
Q

What is duplication addition

A

When a chromosome is repeated

45
Q

Is duplication addition Fatal

A

Sometimes

46
Q

What’s is deletion

A

When a piece of the chromosome breaks off and it results in the loss of some genes

47
Q

Who discovered the double helix model

A

Watson and crick

48
Q

What does DNA consist of

A

Five carbon sugars phosphates and nitrogenous base

49
Q

What to nitrogenous bases are in the purine section

A

Adenine and Guanine

50
Q

What nitrogenous bases Is in the pyrimidimes section

A

Cytosine and Thymine

51
Q

What does adenine match with

A

Thymine

52
Q

What does guanine match up with

A

Cytosine

53
Q

What is the order of the nucleotide from left to right

A

Phosphate connects to sugar which connects to a nitrogenous base

54
Q

What is a virus

A

A package of nucleic acid wrapped in a protein coat and are not made up of living cells

55
Q

What is a bacteriophage

A

A virus that infects bacteria

56
Q

How did Griffith’s experiments indicate the presence of a transforming factor in bacteria

A

He found a deadly strain of bacteria could be made harmless by heating it

57
Q

What did Avery discover

A

that protein was not the genetic material of teh cell but DNA is

58
Q

What is deoxyribonucleic acids

A

The heart heretible genetic information of an organism is stored in this molecule

59
Q

What are nucleotides

A

The building blocks of nucleic acid polymers

60
Q

Are nucleotides polymers or monomers

A

Monomers

61
Q

What is a nitrogenous base

A

A single or double ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms with functional groups

62
Q

What is a pyrimidine

A

Single ring structures including bases thymine and cytosine

63
Q

What is a purine

A

A large double ring structure including adenine and guanine

64
Q

What is a double helix

A

Where two strands of DNA of nucleotides are twisted around each other

65
Q

What’s is DNA replication

A

The process of copying the DNA molecule

66
Q

What are DNA polymerases

A

Enzymes that make the covalent bonds between the nucleotides of the new DNA strand

67
Q

What is RNA

A

Any nucleic acid whose sugar is ribose rather than deoxyribose

68
Q

What is transcription

A

When the DNAs nucleotide sequence is converted to the form of the single-stranded RNA molecule

69
Q

What’s is translation

A

When tRNA with their amino acids join to the bases of an RNA

70
Q

What is a Codon

A

A three base word that codes for one amino acid such as CAG

71
Q

What is the function of messenger RNA

A

To carry DNAs message into the cytoplasm

72
Q

What is the function of tRNA

A

To bring specific amino acid to the ribosome

73
Q

What molecule receives the amino acids on cRNA

A

The nucleotide

74
Q

What is the molecular formula for deoxyribose

A

C5 H10 O4

75
Q

What is the molecular formula for phosphoric acid

A

H3 P1 04

76
Q

What does RNA polymerase do

A

It’s linked the RNA nucleotides to get

77
Q

What is an anti-codon

A

A codon complementary to a specific codon in mRNA

78
Q

What’s is a mutagen

A

Physical or chemical agents that cause mutations

79
Q

What is a genome

A

A complete set of genetic material in an organism

80
Q

What is the function of histones

A

To have the DNA wrap around it

81
Q

What is a pedigree

A

A family tree that records and traces the current symmetry in a family

82
Q

What is a growth factor

A

A class of genes that produce proteins That initiates cell division

83
Q

What is an oncogene

A

A cancer-causing gene

84
Q

What is a tumor suppressor gene

A

A class of genes that produce proteins to stop cell division

85
Q

What is biotechnology

A

The use of organisms to perform practical tasks for humans

86
Q

What is recombinant DNA technology

A

Technology that combines genes from different sources into a single DNA molecule

87
Q

What is a plasmid

A

A small circular DNA molecule separate from the much larger bacterial chromosome

88
Q

What’s is a restriction enzyme

A

enzymes that can cut DNA to obtain a desired gene

89
Q

What is a genomic library

A

A complete collection of cloned DNA fragments from an organism

90
Q

What is transgenic

A

When the source of the new genetic material is a different species

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