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Genetics2 Flashcards

0
Q

What is incomplete dominance

A

Both alleles contributes to phenotype of the organism in some individuals , they mix together

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1
Q

What is another name for incomplete dominance

A

Intermediate or blending inheritance

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2
Q

What is codominance

A

Two dominant alleles are expressed at the same time, shares the organism

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3
Q

who is Thomas Hunt Morgan

A

The first person to give evidence that genes are part of chromosomes

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4
Q

What did Thomas hunt Morgan use to discover genes

A

He used drosophila, or fruit flies

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5
Q

Why did he use fruit flies

A

Because the are tiny and use very little space, , easy to raise, produce hundreds of offspring, short reproductive cylce and only 4 pairs of chromosomes

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6
Q

What are sex linked traits

A

A trait controlled by a gene found on the sex chromosome

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7
Q

What is gene linkage

A

When all of the genes on the same chromosome are linked

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8
Q

What is a sex influenced trait

A

A trait not carried on the sex chromosome but is influenced by sex hormones

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9
Q

What is crossing over

A

It occurs during synapsis of the first meiotic division

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10
Q

What is multiple gene inheritance

A

Traits varying between two extremes

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11
Q

What is multiple gene inheritance controlled by

A

The alleles of two or more genes

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12
Q

What does multiple genes involve

A

Two or more different forms of a gene producing a different phenotype

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13
Q

Who created the vaccine against pneumonia

A

Fredrick griffiths

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14
Q

What are the 4 breeding methods

A

Selection inbreeding outbreeding and polyploidy

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15
Q

What is selection

A

The process of choosing animals with the most desirable traits for breeding

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16
Q

What is inbreeding

A

The mating of closely mated individuals to obtain desired characteristics

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17
Q

What is outbreeding

A

When individuals not closely related are mated together to introduce new beneficial alleles to the population

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18
Q

What is hybrid vigor

A

Special traits often found and hybrid crosses of the two close species to obtain superior characteristics

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19
Q

What is polyploidy

A

A condition and which an organism has some multiple of the normal chromosome number

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20
Q

What is inversion

A

A type of change that involves reversing the fragment of the original chromosome

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21
Q

What are jumping genes

A

Genes that I can jump from Genes to genes

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22
Q

Who discovered jumping genes and when

A

It was discovered in 1948 by Barbara McClintork

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23
Q

What is another name for jumping genes

A

Transposons

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24
How do jumping genes develop
They develop the same way as viruses do and they are a DNA parasite
25
What are the 4 ways to detect genetic disorders
Karyotyping amniocentesis chorionic villus sampling and fetoscopy
26
What is amniocentesis
When doctors take a sample of the amniotic fluid
27
What is a fetoscopy
Direct observation of the fetus
28
What is the typical cause of cancer
An accumulation of mutations in DNA
29
What are the two classes of genes that direct production of proteins that regulate cell growth and division
Growth factors and Torom suppressor genes
30
What does a growth factor do
Starts growth
31
What does a turom suppressor gene do
Stops growth
32
What's is a mutation
Any change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA
33
Why are some mutations important
Because without mutations there would be no evolution
34
What is an autosomal dominant disorder
A disorder transmitted from genes inherited from one parent
35
What is an autosomal recessive disorder
A disorder transmitted from the genes inherited from both parents
36
What does the term autosome apply to
Any of the first 22 chromosomes
37
What are sex linked disorders
Genetic disorders associated with the X or Y chromosome
38
What is an X-chromosome
A female chromosome
39
What is the Y chromosome
A male chromosome
40
What are multifactorial genetic disorders
The development of genetic disorders involving environmental factors outside the organism itself
41
What are the five accidents affecting chromosomes
Nondisjunction duplication addition deletion inversion and jumping Jean
42
What is nondisjunction
The failure of homologous chromosomes to separate during meiosis
43
What can cause nondisjunction
Having children at older ages
44
What is duplication addition
When a chromosome is repeated
45
Is duplication addition Fatal
Sometimes
46
What's is deletion
When a piece of the chromosome breaks off and it results in the loss of some genes
47
Who discovered the double helix model
Watson and crick
48
What does DNA consist of
Five carbon sugars phosphates and nitrogenous base
49
What to nitrogenous bases are in the purine section
Adenine and Guanine
50
What nitrogenous bases Is in the pyrimidimes section
Cytosine and Thymine
51
What does adenine match with
Thymine
52
What does guanine match up with
Cytosine
53
What is the order of the nucleotide from left to right
Phosphate connects to sugar which connects to a nitrogenous base
54
What is a virus
A package of nucleic acid wrapped in a protein coat and are not made up of living cells
55
What is a bacteriophage
A virus that infects bacteria
56
How did Griffith's experiments indicate the presence of a transforming factor in bacteria
He found a deadly strain of bacteria could be made harmless by heating it
57
What did Avery discover
that protein was not the genetic material of teh cell but DNA is
58
What is deoxyribonucleic acids
The heart heretible genetic information of an organism is stored in this molecule
59
What are nucleotides
The building blocks of nucleic acid polymers
60
Are nucleotides polymers or monomers
Monomers
61
What is a nitrogenous base
A single or double ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms with functional groups
62
What is a pyrimidine
Single ring structures including bases thymine and cytosine
63
What is a purine
A large double ring structure including adenine and guanine
64
What is a double helix
Where two strands of DNA of nucleotides are twisted around each other
65
What's is DNA replication
The process of copying the DNA molecule
66
What are DNA polymerases
Enzymes that make the covalent bonds between the nucleotides of the new DNA strand
67
What is RNA
Any nucleic acid whose sugar is ribose rather than deoxyribose
68
What is transcription
When the DNAs nucleotide sequence is converted to the form of the single-stranded RNA molecule
69
What's is translation
When tRNA with their amino acids join to the bases of an RNA
70
What is a Codon
A three base word that codes for one amino acid such as CAG
71
What is the function of messenger RNA
To carry DNAs message into the cytoplasm
72
What is the function of tRNA
To bring specific amino acid to the ribosome
73
What molecule receives the amino acids on cRNA
The nucleotide
74
What is the molecular formula for deoxyribose
C5 H10 O4
75
What is the molecular formula for phosphoric acid
H3 P1 04
76
What does RNA polymerase do
It's linked the RNA nucleotides to get
77
What is an anti-codon
A codon complementary to a specific codon in mRNA
78
What's is a mutagen
Physical or chemical agents that cause mutations
79
What is a genome
A complete set of genetic material in an organism
80
What is the function of histones
To have the DNA wrap around it
81
What is a pedigree
A family tree that records and traces the current symmetry in a family
82
What is a growth factor
A class of genes that produce proteins That initiates cell division
83
What is an oncogene
A cancer-causing gene
84
What is a tumor suppressor gene
A class of genes that produce proteins to stop cell division
85
What is biotechnology
The use of organisms to perform practical tasks for humans
86
What is recombinant DNA technology
Technology that combines genes from different sources into a single DNA molecule
87
What is a plasmid
A small circular DNA molecule separate from the much larger bacterial chromosome
88
What's is a restriction enzyme
enzymes that can cut DNA to obtain a desired gene
89
What is a genomic library
A complete collection of cloned DNA fragments from an organism
90
What is transgenic
When the source of the new genetic material is a different species

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