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Biology > Genetics Test > Flashcards

Genetics Test Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Haploid

A

Single set of chromosomes, are the gametes/ sex cells

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2
Q

Diploid

A

Describes a cell that contains pairs of homologous chromosomes
Two sets of chromosomes are the somatic cells

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3
Q

Allele

A

One of two or more forms of a gene

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4
Q

Plasmid

A

A circular molecule of DNA that is commonly found in bacteria; used in genetic engineering to manufacture human insulin and other proteins

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5
Q

Synapsis

A

The aligning of homologous chromosomes during prophase 1 in meiosis1

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6
Q

Spindle fibre

A

A micro tube structure that facilitates the mouvement of chromosomes within a cell

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7
Q

Trisomy

A

The gain of an extra chromosome as a result of non disjunction

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8
Q

Zygote

A

A diploid cell formed by the fusion of two gametes

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9
Q

Somatic cell

A

A plant or animal cell that forms the body of the organism; excludes reproductive cells

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10
Q

Non disjunction

A

The failure of homologous chromosome pairs or sister chromatids to separate during meiosis

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11
Q

G1 phase of interphase

A

Rapid growth and cell activity

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12
Q

S phase of interphase

A

DNA synthesis and replication

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13
Q

G2 phase of interphase

A

Cell prepares for division

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14
Q

Nucleotide to what

A

Nucleotide- DNA- gene- chromosome

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15
Q

Nucleotides

A

The individual units of each strand of DNA; composed of a phosphate group, a sugar, and a base

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16
Q

Gene

A

A part of a chromosome that governs the expression of a trait and is passed onto offspring; it has a specific DNA sequence

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17
Q

Prophase

A

Nuclear envelope disappears, chromosomes condense, sister chromatids attach to spindle fibers

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18
Q

Metaphase

A

Sister chromatids line up

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19
Q

Anaphase

A

Spindle fibers shorten, sister chromatids pull apart

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20
Q

Telophase

A

Nuclear envelope appears… cytokinesis

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21
Q

Form of gene

A

Allele

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22
Q

Homologous

A

Similar (same genes) but not identical
1 maternal
1 paternal

23
Q

Sister chromatids

A

After synthesis, the chromosomes that are attached together are identical

24
Q

Crossing over

A

Chiasmata; the exchange of chromosomal segments between a pair of homologous chromosomes

25
Q

Genetic variation

A

The variety of heritable characteristics (genes) in a population of interbreeding individuals

26
Q

Monosomy

A

Missing a chromosome because of non disjunction

27
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

Meiosis in male to produce sperm

28
Q

Oogenesis

A

Meiosis in the woman which produces eggs

29
Q

What cells does meiosis occur in exclusively

A

Sex cells

30
Q

Somatic cell

A

A plant or animal cell that forms the body of the organism; excludes reproductive cells

31
Q

4 main differences between meiosis and mitosis

A

One division vs two
Produces diploid vs haploid
2 cells produced vs 4

32
Q

Cause of non disjunction

A

Spindle fibers don’t form

33
Q

Karyotype

A

Photograph of pairs of homologous chromosomes in a cell

34
Q

Karyotype notation

A

of chromosomes, sex chromosomes, optional: if missing or having xtra chromosome, where that is ex: 47,XX,+21

35
Q

Karyotype notation for a normal male

A

46, XY

36
Q

Non invasive prenatal tests

A

Ultrasound

cfDNA (cell free DNA)

37
Q

Invasive prenatal testing

A

Amniocentesis

Chorionic Villus

38
Q

Ultrasound

A

Diagnostic imaging, many genetic limitations

39
Q

cfDNA

A

Uses algorithms of DNA fragments in maternal blood (takes blood from mom)

40
Q

Amniocentesis

A

Sample of amniotic fluid containing fetal tissue at 14th week is collected through a large needle–> Karyotype, blood tests

41
Q

Chronic Villus sampling

A

Almost the same but a sample of the chorion at the ninth week

42
Q

Transgenic

A

Describes an organism whose genome has been altered by the insertion of a gene from another organism; a type of genetically modified organism

43
Q

Genome

A

The complete DNA sequence of an organism

44
Q

Nitrogenous bases (nucleotide genes)

A 
Adenine(A)
Thymine(T)
Guanine(G)
Cytosine(C)
A+T
G+C
45
Q

Selective breeding

A

Mating organisms based on specific traits

46
Q

Artificial Insemenation

A

Transfer semen to female reproductive tract

47
Q

Embryo transfer

A

Artificial fertilization of an egg

48
Q

IVF(in vitro fertilization):

A

Eggs from the mother to be are retrieved and fertilized … developing embryo placed in the uterus “test tube”

49
Q

Reproductive Strategies

A

Selective breeding
Artificial Insemination
Embryo Transfer
In Vitro Fertilization(IVF)

50
Q

Gene cloning

A

Desired gene is cut out of genome
Spliced into bacterial plasmid
Bacteria makes more copies of the gene in bacterial population
Gene is isolated for gene therapy

51
Q

Gene therapy

A

Working gene is introduced to patient (via virus)

New gene produces the protein

52
Q

Therapeutic cloning

A

Gene therapy

53
Q

Organismal cloning

A

Transfer your nucleus into an embryo

Biology (6 decks)

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