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Biology > Evolution > Flashcards

Evolution Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Mutation

A

A permanent change in an organisms genetic information

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2
Q

Variation

A

Differences between individuals which may be structural functional or physiological

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3
Q

Adaptations

A

A structure, behaviour or physiological process that helps an organism survive and reproduce in a particular environment

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4
Q

Selective pressure

A

Environmental conditions that select for certain characteristics of individuals and select against other characteristics

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5
Q

Selective advantage

A

A genetic advantage that improves an organisms chance of survival, usually in a changing environment

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6
Q

Survival of the fittest

A

The organisms in the population with the most genetic advantages from variation are the ones who survive and reproduce

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7
Q

Fitness

A

The relative contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation by producing offspring that will survive long enough to reproduce.

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8
Q

Descent with modification

A

Organisms that survive long enough to reproduce have traits that are good for their environment pass these traits to their offspring

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9
Q

Natural selection v artificial selection

A

Natural selection is the process by which characteristics of a population change over many generations as organisms with advantageous heritable traits survive and reproduce, passing their traits to offspring while artificial selection is when organisms are bred by humans to improve desirable traits (selective pressure)

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10
Q

Genetic drift

A

The change in distribution of alleles due to chance events in a breeding population
Smaller the population less likely it is that the parent gene pool will be reflected in the next generation. Vice versa for large population

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11
Q

Gene flow

A

The net movement of alleles from one population to the other due to the migration of individuals
If organisms come from other populations and mate diversity is increased

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12
Q

Sexual selection

A

Natural selection for mating based, in grneral, on competition between males and choices made by females

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13
Q

Natural selection

A

The process by which characteristics of a population change over many generations as organisms with advantageous heritable traits survive and reproduce passing their traits to offspring

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14
Q

Synpatric speciation

A

Individuals within a population develop different preferences within the same geographical area

  • one section of a population of bees likes starch foods and one likes sugar foods
  • behaviour of individuals isolates them from the rest of the population and new niche(habitat role in ecosystem) moves to speciation
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15
Q

Allopatric speciation

A

Occurs when populations become geographically separated (physical barrier from one another
- environmental conditions can cause natural selection to occur differently

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16
Q

Cuvier

A 
Studied palentology (fossil evidence)
- theory of catastrophism in which catastrophes result in quick changes in geology and species changes.
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17
Q

Hutton

A

Proposed that geological processes are slow

Darwin said that evolution was slow because of this

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18
Q

Lamarick

A

Organisms become better adapted overtime
- characteristics that were acquired are passed on to offspring
- lost arm… your children will be missing an arm?…no
Darwin was smarter and did not agree

19
Q

Mathus

A

Wrote an essay stating that plants and animal populations grow faster than their food supply
- Darwin = competition = survival of the fittest

20
Q

Lyell

A

Had the theory of uniformitarianasm suggesting geological processes are slow and have always been slow (the earth is older than we thought)
This led to Darwins theory that evolution is also a very slow process

21
Q

Homologous

A

Structures that have similar structural elements and origin but may have a different function
Bones in arms and wings

22
Q

Microevolution

A

Change in allele frequencies in a population over generations

23
Q

Vestigial

A

A structure that is a reduced version of a structure that was functional in the organisms ancestors (appendix)

24
Q

Analogous

A

Structures of organisms that do not have a common evolutionary origin but preform similar functions (bird and bat wing)

25
Q

Embryology

A

The study of early, pre birth stages of an organisms development

26
Q

Fossil record

A

The remains and traces of past life that are found in sedimentary rock; it reveals the history of life on earth and the kinds of organisms that were alive in the past

27
Q

Transitional fossil

A

A fossil that shows intermediary links between groups of organisms and shares common to two now separate groups

28
Q

Biogeography

A

The study of the past and present geographical distribution of species populations

29
Q

Directional selection

A

Natural selection that favours the phénotypes at one extreme over another, resulting in the distribution curve of phénotypes shifting in the direction of the extreme

30
Q

Disruptive selection

A

Natural selection that favours the extremes of a range of phénotypes rather than intermediate phénotypes; this type of selection can result in the elimination of intermediate phénotypes; also known as diversifying selection

31
Q

What is a species?

A

Organisms interbreed producing viable offspring that can reproduce

32
Q

Prezygotic isolation

A 
Habitat isolation 
Temporal isolation 
Behavioural isolation 
Mechanical isolation 
Gametic isolation
33
Q

Postxygotic isolation

A

Hybrid in viability

Hybrid sterility

34
Q

Hybrid sterility

A

Offspring are sterile

Horse+donkey

35
Q

Hybrid inviability

A

The zygote dies before fully developing

36
Q

Temporal isolation

A

Seasonal timing of reproduction eg flowers blooming

37
Q

Mechanical isolation

A

Do not have right sex parts

38
Q

Gametic isolation

A

Sperm and egg do not fuse

39
Q

Divergent evolution

A

A species that was once similar to an ancestral species becomes increasingly distinct

40
Q

Convergent évolution

A

Analogous structures

Similar traits have independently evolved in different species for same function. Bird and bat wings

41
Q

Adaptive radiation

A

The diversification of a common ancestor into many different species … due to specialization in a different role ( food source, habitat)

42
Q

Molecular record

A

DNA sequences of various proteins of more closely related species have a greater correlation (similarity) compared to species that have a more distant anscestor

43
Q

Biogeography evidence

A

Animals found on islands often resemble animals found on the closest continent
Fossils of the same species found on different continents (when they were connected)

Biology (6 decks)

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