Genetics Test Flashcards
Describes an individual that has two different alleles for a trait Rr
Heterozygous
A graphic used to predict the results of a genetic cross
Punnett square
One of the alternative forms of a gene that governs a characteristic
Allele
Actual gene make up
Genotype
The likelihood that a specific trait will occur in the next generation
Probability
Father of genetics
Mendel
Explain what DNA replication is and why it is called a semi conservative type of replication
Replication is the process of copying a DNA molecule to make another DNA molecule. It is called semi conservative because each new strand is paired with an old strand.
What is and where does transcription occur?
Transcription is the process of making mRNA from DNA. DNA can’t get out of the nucleus, DNA never leaves the nucleus. Therefore it must pass on its original message to mRNA. MRNA nucleotides pair up with DNA nucleotides. completed mRNA is small and can get out of the nucleus through the nuclear pores. MRNA moves to the cytoplasm and finds the organelle ribosome.
What is and where does translation occur?
Translation occurs in ribosomes and ribosomes are found in the cytoplasm
What is the correct order of steps for protein synthesis?
DNA to RNA to protein synthesis
What is a codon and what does it code for?
The series of three nitrogen bases on mRNA is the codon, the secret code. As stated earlier the order of the three nitrogen bases determines the order of the amino acids in a protein. There are 64 codons, but only 20 amino acids.
How many chromosomes do you get from each parent?
23 from each parent total of 46
Define co-dominance and give an example
When two alleles both appear in the phenotype of the organism. Example is the red coat of a cow having white spots on it.
Define incomplete dominance and give an example
When both alleles are present, a new phenotype appears that is a blend of each allele. Example flower colors red and white blending to create a pink flower
What is multiple allele inheritance and give a trait example
When two or more alleles contribute to the phenotype. Example is human blood type
What is polygenic inheritance and give a trait example
Traits controlled by two or more genes. A trait example is human height, eye color and skin color
What is another term for heterozygous
Hybrid or carrier
What is the term that means the same thing as pure bred
Homozygous
What kind of plants did Mendel conduct his experiments with?
Pea plants to use in his experiments because they reproduce quickly, have easily identifiable traits, and easy to control reproduction
What is the P generation
Pure bred plants for all seven traits that Mendel tracked
What is the F2 generation?
Hybrids and come up with the ratio of 3:1. 3 yellow to 1 green pea
What is the F1 generation
Mendel cross pollinating the F1 generation
What is the ratio for F1 generation
F1 were all yellow so 4 to 0 ratio
What is the ratio for F2 generations
F2 was 3 yellow and 1 green So ratio of 3 to 1
Dd
Heterozygous
DD
Homozygous dominant
dd
Homozygous recessive
Affected individuals have at least one affected parent
Dominant trait
Unaffected parents can have affected offspring
Recessive trait
The trait generally appears in every generation
Dominant trait
Trait is not seen and every generation
Recessive trait
Two unaffected parents only have unaffected offspring
Dominant trait
There are carriers present in Pedigree, unaffected heterozygous individuals
Recessive trait
Define incomplete dominance and give an example
When both alleles are present a new phenotype appears that is a blend of each allele. Example flower colors red and white blending to create a pink flower
