Genetics Study Guide Flashcards
Who is the father of modern genetics? What did he study?
Gregor Mendel. Mendel studied inheritance patterns in pea plants. He discovered the basic principles of heredity, including the concepts of dominant and recessive traits, and formulated the Law of Segregation and Law of Independent Assortment, which form the foundation of modern genetics.
Genotype
The genetic makeup of an organism, representing the combination of alleles it inherits from its parents (e.g., AA, Aa, aa) and describing the alleles it carries for a given trait.
Allele
Different versions of a gene that can exist at a specific locus (location on a chromosome). For example, a gene for flower color may have an allele for red (R) or white (r).
Gene
A segment of DNA that encodes information for a particular trait. Each gene can have different versions (alleles).
Homozygous
An organism that has two identical alleles for a particular gene (e.g., AA or aa).
Heterozygous
An organism that has two different alleles for a particular gene (e.g., Aa).
Hybrid
The offspring resulting from the cross of two different genetic traits or different species. In genetics, it refers to the offspring of parents with different alleles for a particular trait (e.g., hybrid pea plant).
Phenotype
The physical expression or observable traits of an organism, determined by its genotype and environmental factors (e.g., purple flowers or tall height).
Law of Segregation
Mendel’s principle that states during the formation of gametes (egg and sperm), the two alleles for a gene segregate (separate), so each gamete carries only one allele for each gene.
Law of Independent Assortment
Mendel’s principle that states genes for different traits assort independently of each other during gamete formation, provided the genes are located on different chromosomes.
P Generation
The parental generation in a genetic cross.
F1 Generation
The first filial generation, offspring of the P generation.
F2 Generation
The second filial generation, offspring of the F1 generation, typically used in Mendelian experiments.
Polygenic Inheritance
A type of inheritance where multiple genes contribute to a single trait (e.g., skin color, height). This results in a wide range of phenotypes.
Test Cross
A breeding experiment used to determine the genotype of an organism with a dominant phenotype. The organism in question is crossed with a homozygous recessive individual, and the offspring’s phenotypes are analyzed to infer the unknown genotype.
Example of Homozygous Dominant
AA
(Both alleles are dominant for a trait, such as the gene for purple flower color in pea plants.)