Genetics Study Guide

Question 1

Characteristics that describe an organism

Answer 1

Traits

Question 2

The type of traits that are passed from parent to offspring; they are encoded with your DNA

Answer 2

Inherited traits

Examples - height, hair color, eye color, having dimples, ability to roll togngue

Question 3

The type of traits that an organism develops through interactions with the environment; not encoded with your DNA and will not be passed to offspring

Answer 3

Acquired traits

Examples - scars, dyed hair, becoming a good athlete, becoming a good dancer, learning to play a musical instrument

Question 4

Different forms of a trait that determine your characteristics; made up of two chromosomes

Answer 4

Alleles

Question 5

Name the two types of alleles

Answer 5

Dominant and Recessive

Dominant hide the recessive and are the stronger form; represented by capital letters

Recessive are the weaker form and can only be seen if there are 2 recessive alleles; represented by lowercase letters

Question 6

The term for a combination of two different alleles… one dominant with one recessive

Answer 6

Heterozygous

Question 7

The term for a combination of 2 alleles that are the same… either both are dominant or both are recessive

Answer 7

Homozygous

Question 8

A person’s physical appearance/observable traits

Answer 8

Phenotype

Question 9

A person’s genetic make-up; the combination of alleles

Answer 9

Genotype

Question 10

The process of making an identical copy of an organism- the DNA is 100% identical

Answer 10

Cloning

Question 11

The process of replacing a gene with a different one creates a …

Answer 11

Genetically Modified Organism (GMO)

Question 12

The process of using DNA from a different type of organism creates a …

Answer 12

Transgenic Organism

Question 13

The process of using DNA from the same type of organism creates a .

Answer 13

Cisgenic Organism

Question 14

This process uses technology to change the DNA of an organism

Answer 14

Gene Editing
(CRISPR)

Question 15

During this process, a defective gene is repaired/replaced with a “normal” gene for the purpose of trying to cure or treat a disease

Answer 15

Gene Therapy

Question 16

What is selective breeding?

Answer 16

The process of breeding plants and animals for particular genetic traits

Question 17

Why do people selectively breed organisms?

Answer 17

Scientists pick out the best traits in organisms to create the species they prefer.

Question 18

Name the 3 types of mutations.

Answer 18

Neutral
Positive
Negative

Question 19

Which type of mutation?
A dog has two different colored eyes

Answer 19

Neutral Mutation
Having 2 different colored eyes does not have a positive or negative effect on a dog’s ability to survive or reproduce

Question 20

Which type of mutation?
A human has a gene that makes them tolerant to lactose

Answer 20

Positive Mutation
This mutation has a positive effect on humans…they can consume lactose without feeling sick

Question 21

Which type of mutation?
A human body has an extra copy of chromosome 21…causing developmwntal abnormalities known as Down Syndrome.

Answer 21

Negative Mutation
The extra chromosome has a negative effect on development

Question 22

The first step in the cloning process you obtain a ____cell and _____ cell from the organism that you want to clone.

Answer 22

Body cell and egg cell

Question 23

In the second step of the cloning process, you remove the ______ from the body cell and the egg cell

Answer 23

Nucleus

Question 24

In the third step of the cloning process, put the nucleus from the _____ cell (organism you are cloning) into the _____ cell

Answer 24

Put the nucleus from the BODY cell into the EGG cell

Question 25

In the fourth step of the cloning process, the egg which now contains the nucleus of the body cell is placed in the ________ mother

Answer 25

Surrogate

Question 26

Patiently waiting for the cloned organism to be delivered is the ____ and last step of the cloning process

Answer 26

Fifth step