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biology > Genetics, populations, evolution and ecosystems > Flashcards

Genetics, populations, evolution and ecosystems Flashcards

1
Q

What is a genotype?

A

The genotype is the genetic constitution of an organism

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2
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

The phenotype is the expression of this genetic constitution and its interaction with the environment

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3
Q

What are the 3 types of alleles?

A

recessive, dominant, codominant

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4
Q

What is a recessive allele?

A

When both allele have to be present in order to be expressed

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5
Q

What is a dominant allele?

A

Only one allele needs to be present in order to be expressed

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6
Q

What is a codominant allele?

A

where 2 alleles are expressed equally

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7
Q

What are polygenic traits?

A

traits that can be influenced by the environment e.g. skin colour

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8
Q

What is an example of a codominance?

A

Sickle cell anaemia - mutation in haemoglobin causing red blood cells to have sickle shape instead of biconcave disc shape

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9
Q

What is the difference of having sickle cell anaemia and having a trait of it?

A

people who are homozygous for the haemoglobin gene have the disorder meaning ALL of their red blood cells are sickle shaped ]
people who are heterozygous will have a sickle cell trait in SOME of their red blood cells

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10
Q

What is dihybrid inheritance?

A

inheritance of 2 characteristics controlled by different genes - each have different alleles

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11
Q

What are dihybrid crosses used for ?

A

predict the likelihood of offspring to inherit certain combination of 2 characteristics

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12
Q

What are sex linkages?

A

a trait which is coded for by a gene on a sex chromosome

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13
Q

Why are males more likely to express a phenotype for x-linked disorders?

A

Most sex linked traits are located on the X chromosomes with there being no equivalent locus on the Y chromosome. Therefore males will only have one copy of the allele, so it will be expressed even if recessive.

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14
Q

What are autosomes?

A

any other chromosome different from sex chromosomes

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15
Q

What are the characteristics of genes on autosomes?

A

genes are linked due to staying close together during independent segregation
-the closer together they are the more closely linked as they are less likely to be split up

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16
Q

What is epistasis?

A

when the allele of one gene is able to mask the expression of another allele of a different gene

17
Q

What is a gene pool?

A

the complete range of alleles present in a population

18
Q

What is a species?

A

A group of similar organisms that are able to reproduce and produce fertile offspring

19
Q

What is a population?

A

group of organisms of the same species that live in the same area at the same time and have to potential to interbreed

20
Q

What is allele frequency?

A

how often alleles occur in a population

21
Q

What is the Hardy -Weinberg Principle used for?

A

to predict the frequency of alleles in a population - only true if there is no change in population

22
Q

What is the Hardy - Weinberg equation?

A

p^2 * 2pq * q^2 =1

23
Q

When does sympatric speciation occur?

A

when the population of organisms have been isolated due to a physical barrier, so the allele frequency changes and results in species that can no longer reproduce

24
Q

When does allopatric speciation occur?

A

when allele frequency in a population of an organism changes without being pysically seperated, resulting in species that can no longer reproduce

25
Q

What is a habitat?

A

the place where an organism lives

26
Q

What is a population?

A

all of the organisms of the same species living in the same place at the same time, able to breed together

27
Q

What is a community?

A

all of the populations of different species in the same place and time interacting with one another

28
Q

What is an ecosystem?

A

includes all living and non-living organisms

29
Q

What is the ‘niche’ of a species?

A

the role of a species in a habitat

30
Q

What is adaptation?

A

a feature that members of a species have that increase their chances of survival/reproduction

31
Q

What is an example of a physiological adaptation?

A

snakes producing venom to kill prey and ward off predators

32
Q

What is an example of a behavioural adaptation?

A

penguins huddling together to keep warm, rotating penguins that are in the middle.

33
Q

What is an example of an anatomical adaptation?

A

puffer fish puff up when they feel threatened to appear larger and be harder to eat

34
Q

What is an adaptation to biotic conditions?

A

peacocks - use tails to attract mates
otters - use rocks to break open clams

35
Q

What is an adaptation to abiotic conditions?

A

biology (8 decks)

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