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energy transfers Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a photosystem?

A

a funnel-like structure that absorbs and transes light energy to the primary reaction centre

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2
Q

What are the accessory pigments in a photosystem?

A

cartotenoid
chlorophyll a
chlorophyll b

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3
Q

Describe the features of a ligth dependent reaction

A

requires sunlight
produces ATP and NADPH

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4
Q

What is photoionisation?

A

when the reaction centre is ionised/oxidised by light energy

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5
Q

What are co-enzymes?

A

molecules needed by enzymes for oxidation and reduction reactions

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6
Q

Where do light dependent reactions take place?

A

thylakoid membrane

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7
Q

Photolysis equation

A

H20 –> 2H+ +2e- + 1/2 O2

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8
Q

What are 2 products needed for light independent reactions?

A

ATP
NADPH

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9
Q

Describe how plants use light energy during light-dependant reactions (5)

A
  • light energy excites the electron
  • electron then moves along electron transfer chain dissipating energy
  • the enrgy is used to join ADP and Pi to make ATP (phosphorylation)
  • photolysis of water produces protons, electrons and water
  • NADP is then reduced by electrons into NADPH
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10
Q

What is photolysis?

A

the splitting of water using light energy

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11
Q

Explain the calvin cycle

A

Rubisco catalyses CO2 by combining with RuBP to create 2 molecules of GP
GP is then reduced by NADP (through ATP) into a TP molecule each. RuBP is then regenerated from TP and the rest is used to make organic molecules such as glucos
6CO2 is needed to make one glucose

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12
Q

What is an autotroph?

A

something that makes its own organic molecules

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13
Q

What is photophosphorylation ?

A

the process by which ATP is produced from ADP and Pi during photosynthesis

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14
Q

What is the role of ATP?

A

it releases 30.5KJ of energy by the removal of a phosphate group in small packages suitable for the cell

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15
Q

Where does glycolysis take place?

A

in the cytoplasm

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16
Q

What are the 4 processes in aerobic respiration

A

glycolysis
link reaction
krebs cycle
oxidative phosphorylation

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17
Q

Describe the process of glycolysis

A

Glucose is phosphorylated using ATP to form Hexose 1-6 bisphosphate
It then splits into two 3 carbon sugars
They are phosphorylated using ATP and NAD into an intermediate 3 carbon compound which converts further into Pyruvate using ADP through oxidation
There is a net production of 2 ATP

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18
Q

Where does dehydrogenation take place?

A

in the mitochondria matrix

19
Q

How does ATP act a store of energy?

A

when 1 phosphate group is removed from each molecule, 30.5 kJ of energy is released
hydrolysis reaction (requires water), and is catalysed by enzymes called ATPases

20
Q

Describe the features of glycolysis

A

takes place in cytoplasm
Does not require oxygen
Glucose is split into two molecules of Pyruvate (a 3 carbon sugar)

21
Q

Describe oxidative phosphorylation

A

Hydrogen atoms released from NADH and FADH as they are oxidised
Hydrogen atoms split into protons and electrons
Electrons move along the electron transport chain, losing energy at each carrier
Energy is used to pump protons into intermembrane space forming an electrochemical gradient
Protons move down electrochemical gradient back to matrix via ATP synthase
Movement of protons drives synthesis of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate
Protons, electrons and oxygen combine to form water, the final electron acceptor

22
Q

What is the difference between autotrophs and heterotrophs?

A

Autotrophs are organisms that prepare their own food through the process of photosynthesis
heterotrophs are organisms that cannot prepare their own food and depend upon autotrophs for nutrition

23
Q

Describe how ATP isprduced during a light - dependant reactions

A

Transfer of excited electrons along electron carriers makes energy available which is used to convert ADP + Pi to ATP (phosphorylation)
Energy is released as an electron passes from one carrier to the next
At particular points in the chain, the energy released is sufficient to phosphorylate ADP
Energy released by electron transfer is used to pump hydrogen ions into the thylakoid lumen from the stroma – creating a electrochemical gradient
The thylakoid membrane is impermeable to H ions
H ions flow down their concentration gradient into the stroma through a protein
Part of this protein acts as an enzyme which catalysed the synthesis of ATP – and is called ATP synthase
The energy from the transfer of three hydrogen ions allows the production of ATP molecule from ADP and Pi

24
Q

What is the structure of ATP?

A

3 phosphate groups, ribose sugar and adenine

25
Q

Where does the link reaction occur?

A

Mitochondrial matrix

26
Q

Where does the Krebs cycle take place?

A

Mitochondrial matrix

27
Q

What environmental factors affect the rate of photosynthesis?

A

light intensity
CO2 levels
temperature

28
Q

Compare and contrast aerobic and anaerobic respiration (6)

A

Aerobic:
takes place in cytoplasm and mitochondrial matrix
oxidation is complete
waste products are CO2 and H2O
38 ATP’s produced

Anaerobic:
takes place in cytoplasm
oxidation isnt complete
waste products are ethanol, lactate and CO2
2 ATP’s produced

29
Q

What is produced during anaerobic respiration in humans/ some bacteria?

A

Lactic acid/ lactate/ lactate dehydrogenase

30
Q

What is produced during anaerobic respiration in yeast and plants?

A

Ethanol/ Ethanol dehydrogenease
Pyruvate decarboxylase/Ethanal

31
Q

What is the structure of a mitochondria?

A

A organelle containing a double membrane. The inner membrane forms folds called cristae, where the electron transport chain takes place.
The inner fluid is called the matrix.

32
Q

What is the structure of a chloroplast?

A

An organelle containing a double membrane. Thylakoids stack to make grana. The electron transport chain takes place in the thylakoid memebrane. The intermembrane fluid is called the stroma (where the calvin cycle takes place)

33
Q

What is glycolysis?

Draw out the process of glycolysis.

A

The process by which glucose is broken down into 2 molecules of pyruvate. It takes place in the cytoplasm.

Glucose breaks down into fructose bisphosphate which breaks down into 2 TP molecules which forms into Pyruvate.

34
Q

What is the link reaction?

Draw out the process of the link reaction.

A

It occurs in the mitochondrial matrix. It dehydrogenates and decarboxylates Pyruvate to produce acetyl CoA.

35
Q

What is the Krebs cycle?

Draw out the process of the Krebs cycle.

A

A cycle of reactions taking place to produce energy from the oxidation of oxaloacetate.

Acetyl CoA binds onto oxaloacetate to make citrate, which is then decarboxylised and oxidised by NAD.
The 5C molecule is then decarboxylised and oxidised by NAD again. The 4C molecule is the oxidised by NAD and FAD, as well as making ATP.

36
Q

What happens to the Hydrogen (H+/e-) released from NAD in oxidative phosphorylation?

A
37
Q

How is ATP generated through chemiosmosis?

A

where H+ ions diffuse from the intermembrane space of the mitochondrion to the matrix, through the ATP synthase in the inner mitochondrial membrane.

38
Q

What is pyruvate converted to during anaerobic respiration in plants and yeast?

A

Ethanol

39
Q

What is pyruvate converted to during anaerobic respiration in animals?

A

lactate

40
Q

What is the role of chlorophyll in the LDR?

A

Chlorophyll acts a a primary acceptor of light energy. Chlorophyll will use its electrons that will then move along the electron transport membrane. It will also accept electrons from photolysis of water to replace them.

41
Q

What are the products of the LDR?

A

ATP
NADPH
O2 (waste product)

42
Q

What is the Calvin cycle?

Draw out a diagram.

A

rubisco catalyses the fixation of CO2 to RuBP (5C). This creates two GP molecules (3C) which are then reduced to TP (3C) involving ATP and NADP. RuBP is regenerated from TP in reactions that use ATP.

43
Q

What can plants make using TP and GP?

A

All biological moloecules neede for them to live includinf fatty acids, glycerol, glucose.

biology (6 decks)

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