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energy transfers Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a photosystem?

A

a funnel-like structure that absorbs and transes light energy to the primary reaction centre

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2
Q

What are the accessory pigments in a photosystem?

A

cartotenoid
chlorophyll a
chlorophyll b

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3
Q

Describe the features of a ligth dependent reaction

A

requires sunlight
produces ATP and NADPH

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4
Q

What is photoionisation?

A

when the reaction centre is ionised/oxidised by light energy

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5
Q

What are co-enzymes?

A

molecules needed by enzymes for oxidation and reduction reactions

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6
Q

Where do light dependent reactions take place?

A

thylakoid membrane

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7
Q

Photolysis equation

A

H20 –> 2H+ +2e- + 1/2 O2

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8
Q

What are 2 products needed for light independent reactions?

A

ATP
NADPH

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9
Q

Describe how plants use light energy during light-dependant reactions (5)

A
  • light energy excites the electron
  • electron then moves along electron transfer chain dissipating energy
  • the enrgy is used to join ADP and Pi to make ATP (phosphorylation)
  • photolysis of water produces protons, electrons and water
  • NADP is then reduced by electrons into NADPH
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10
Q

What is photolysis?

A

the splitting of water using light energy

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11
Q

Explain the calvin cycle

A

Rubisco catalyses CO2 by combining with RuBP to create 2 molecules of GP
GP is then reduced by NADP (through ATP) into a TP molecule each. RuBP is then regenerated from TP and the rest is used to make organic molecules such as glucose
6CO2 is needed to make one glucose

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12
Q

What is an autotroph?

A

something that makes its own organic molecules

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13
Q

What is photophosphorylation ?

A

the process by which ATP is produced from ADP and Pi during photosynthesis

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14
Q

What is the role of ATP?

A

it releases 30.5KJ of energy by the removal of a phosphate group in small packages suitable for the cell

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15
Q

Where does glycolysis take place?

A

in the cytoplasm

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16
Q

What are the 4 processes in aerobic respiration

A

glycolysis
link reaction
krebs cycle
oxidative phosphorylation

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17
Q

Describe the process of glycolysis

A

Glucose is phosphorylated using ATP to form Hexose 1-6 bisphosphate
It then splits into two 3 carbon sugars
They are phosphorylated using ATP and NAD into an intermediate 3 carbon compound which converts further into Pyruvate using ADP through oxidation
There is a net production of 2 ATP

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18
Q

Where does dehydrogenation take place?

A

in the mitochondria matrix

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19
Q

How does ATP act a store of energy?

A

when 1 phosphate group is removed from each molecule, 30.5 kJ of energy is released
hydrolysis reaction (requires water), and is catalysed by enzymes called ATPases

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20
Q

Describe the features of glycolysis

A

takes place in cytoplasm
Does not require oxygen
Glucose is split into two molecules of Pyruvate (a 3 carbon sugar)

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21
Q

Describe oxidative phosphorylation

A

Hydrogen atoms released from NADH and FADH as they are oxidised
Hydrogen atoms split into protons and electrons
Electrons move along the electron transport chain, losing energy at each carrier
Energy is used to pump protons into intermembrane space forming an electrochemical gradient
Protons move down electrochemical gradient back to matrix via ATP synthase
Movement of protons drives synthesis of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate
Protons, electrons and oxygen combine to form water, the final electron acceptor

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22
Q

What is the difference between autotrophs and heterotrophs?

A

Autotrophs are organisms that prepare their own food through the process of photosynthesis
heterotrophs are organisms that cannot prepare their own food and depend upon autotrophs for nutrition

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23
Q

Describe how ATP isprduced during a light - dependant reactions

A

Transfer of excited electrons along electron carriers makes energy available which is used to convert ADP + Pi to ATP (phosphorylation)
Energy is released as an electron passes from one carrier to the next
At particular points in the chain, the energy released is sufficient to phosphorylate ADP
Energy released by electron transfer is used to pump hydrogen ions into the thylakoid lumen from the stroma – creating a electrochemical gradient
The thylakoid membrane is impermeable to H ions
H ions flow down their concentration gradient into the stroma through a protein
Part of this protein acts as an enzyme which catalysed the synthesis of ATP – and is called ATP synthase
The energy from the transfer of three hydrogen ions allows the production of ATP molecule from ADP and Pi

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24
Q

What is the structure of ATP?

A

3 phosphate groups, ribose sugar and adenine

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25
Q

Where does the link reaction occur?

A

Mitochondrial matrix

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26
Q

Where does the Krebs cycle take place?

A

Mitochondrial matrix

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27
Q

What environmental factors affect the rate of photosynthesis?

A

light intensity
CO2 levels
temperature

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28
Q

Compare and contrast aerobic and anaerobic respiration (6)

A

Aerobic:
takes place in cytoplasm and mitochondrial matrix
oxidation is complete
waste products are CO2 and H2O
38 ATP’s produced

Anaerobic:
takes place in cytoplasm
oxidation isnt complete
waste products are ethanol, lactate and CO2
2 ATP’s produced

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29
Q

What is produced during anaerobic respiration in humans/ some bacteria?

A

Lactic acid/ lactate/ lactate dehydrogenase

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30
Q

What is produced during anaerobic respiration in yeast and plants?

A

Ethanol/ Ethanol dehydrogenease
Pyruvate decarboxylase/Ethanal

31
Q

What is the structure of a mitochondria?

A

A organelle containing a double membrane. The inner membrane forms folds called cristae, where the electron transport chain takes place.
The inner fluid is called the matrix.

32
Q

What is the structure of a chloroplast?

A

An organelle containing a double membrane. Thylakoids stack to make grana. The electron transport chain takes place in the thylakoid memebrane. The intermembrane fluid is called the stroma (where the calvin cycle takes place)

33
Q

What is glycolysis?

Draw out the process of glycolysis.

A

The process by which glucose is broken down into 2 molecules of pyruvate. It takes place in the cytoplasm.

Glucose breaks down into fructose bisphosphate which breaks down into 2 TP molecules which forms into Pyruvate.

34
Q

What is the link reaction?

Draw out the process of the link reaction.

A

It occurs in the mitochondrial matrix. It dehydrogenates and decarboxylates Pyruvate to produce acetyl CoA.

35
Q

What is the Krebs cycle?

Draw out the process of the Krebs cycle.

A

A cycle of reactions taking place to produce energy from the oxidation of oxaloacetate.

Acetyl CoA binds onto oxaloacetate to make citrate, which is then decarboxylised and oxidised by NAD.
The 5C molecule is then decarboxylised and oxidised by NAD again. The 4C molecule is the oxidised by NAD and FAD, as well as making ATP.

36
Q

What happens to the Hydrogen (H+/e-) released from NAD in oxidative phosphorylation?

A

the hydrogen atoms split up into both H+ ions and electrons

37
Q

How is ATP generated through chemiosmosis?

A

where H+ ions diffuse from the intermembrane space of the mitochondrion to the matrix, through the ATP synthase in the inner mitochondrial membrane.

38
Q

What is pyruvate converted to during anaerobic respiration in plants and yeast?

A

Ethanol

39
Q

What is pyruvate converted to during anaerobic respiration in animals?

A

lactate

40
Q

What is the role of chlorophyll in the LDR?

A

Chlorophyll acts a a primary acceptor of light energy. Chlorophyll will use its electrons that will then move along the electron transport membrane. It will also accept electrons from photolysis of water to replace them.

41
Q

What are the products of the LDR?

A

ATP
NADPH
O2 (waste product)

42
Q

What is the Calvin cycle?

Draw out a diagram.

A

rubisco catalyses the fixation of CO2 to RuBP (5C). This creates two GP molecules (3C) which are then reduced to TP (3C) involving ATP and NADP. RuBP is regenerated from TP in reactions that use ATP.

43
Q

What can plants make using TP and GP?

A

All biological moloecules neede for them to live includinf fatty acids, glycerol, glucose.

44
Q

Required practical 7: Use of chromatography to investigate the pigments isolated from leaves of different plants, eg, leaves from shade-tolerant and shade-intolerant plants or leaves of different colours

A

Draw a straight line in pencil approximately 1cm above the bottom of the filter paper being used. Do not use a pen as the ink will obscure the results.
Cut a section of leaf and grind up to release pigments
blot pigments onto the centre of the pencil line you have drawn
Suspend the paper in the solvent so that the level of the liquid does not lie above the pencil line and leave the paper until the solvent has run up the paper to near the top
Remove the paper from the solvent and draw a pencil line marking where the solvent moved up to
Calculate the Rf value for each spot (distance travelled by solute/distance travelled by solvent). Always measure to the centre of each spot.

45
Q

Required practical 8: Investigation into the effect of a named factor on the rate of dehydrogenase activity in extracts of chloroplasts

A

Set up a large beaker with ice and place 5 test tubes inside it

46
Q

Required practical 9 : Investigation into the effect of a named variable on the rate of respiration of cultures of single-celled organisms

A

Set up a water bath at 35°C
Add 5cm3 of the yeast and glucose solution to three test tubes
Place test tubes in the water bath and leave them for 10 minutes
Add 2cm3 of methylene blue to the test tubes and start the timer Shake for 10 seconds and place test tube back in water bath. Record how long it takes for the methylene blue to turn colourless for each test tube
Repeat the experiment using temperatures of 40°C, 50°C, 60°C and 70°C
Find the mean of the results for each temperature and use to calculate the average rate of respiration

47
Q

What are energy pyramids?

A

pyramids using energy values from a given area over a specific period of time for each trophic level

48
Q

What does a bomb calorimeter measure and how ?

A

energy content of a material is determined by burning mass of dry material
results in complete combustion and an accurate measure of energy

49
Q

What is gross primary production? (GPP)

A

the chemical energy store in plant biomass in a given area or volume

50
Q

What is net primary production? (NPP)

A

the chemical energy store in plant biomass after respiratory losses to environment

51
Q

What happens to solar radiation radiated onto a plant?

A

-some is reflected of leaf surface
-some is transmitted through leaf
-some is used for evaporation of water
-some is absorbed by chlorophyll

52
Q

What is secondary production of a plant?

A

energy used to make new consumer tissue

53
Q

Wat is the equation for net production of a consumer

A

Net production= chemical energy in ingested food - (energy lost to feaces + respiratory energy loss)
N=I-(F+R)

54
Q

What is the equation for calculating efficiency?

A

netproduction of trophic level / net production of previous trophic level x 100

55
Q

What does intensive farming include?

A

use of pesiticides and herbicides
high protein feed
restriction of movement
keeping animals warm

56
Q

Why is arable farming more efficient than intensive farming and what is it?

A

there is loess trophic levels where energy can be lost
Arable farming is where land is ploughed

57
Q

In what form does nitogen exist in plants and animals?

A

proteins, nucleic acid and ATP

58
Q

What are saprobionts/phytes?

A

a microorganism that goes through extra cellular digestion and feeds of decaying matter

59
Q

What is nitrogen fixation?

A

a process carried out by nitrogen-fixing bacteria that converts nitrogen into ammonia forming ammonium ions

60
Q

Where are nitrogen fixing bacteria found?

A

free living in the soil or inside root nodules of plants such as peas,beans and clover

61
Q

How are nitrogen fixing bacteria and plants in a mutualistic relationship?

A

plants gain nitrogen from bacteria
bacteria gain glucose from plants

62
Q

What are the 4 stages of the nitrogen cycle?

A

ammonification
nitrification
denitrification
nitrogen fixation

63
Q

What is ammonification?

A

where saprobionts break down organic matter to ammonia
saprobionts use products of decomposition for respiration

64
Q

What is nitrification?

A

where nitrifying bacteria convert ammonia to nitrate ions in an oxidation reaction
Most plants take in nitrate ions through roots

65
Q

What is denitrification?

A

where nitrate ions are converted to nitrogen gas by nitrifying bacteria
can be orevented if soil is well drained and aerated

66
Q

What is nitrogen fixation?

A

where nitrogen gas is fixed into other compunds by nitrogen fixing bacteria
notrogen gas is reduced to ammonia which dissolves into ammonium ions

67
Q

Describe the nitrogen cycle

A

-nitrogen stored in plants as proteins, ATP etc.
-feeding takes place and animals absorb N2
-nitrate is lost through faceces and urine
-eventually animals and plants die leading to decomposition where saprobionts carry out ammonification
-nitrification takes place as nitrifying bacteria converts ammonia to nirate ions (called nitrates/nitrites)
-denitrification takes place, where niroge ions are converted into nitrogen gas in anaerobic conditions
-nitrogen fixation takes place when nitrifying bacteria converts this gas into ammonia
-this allows plants to go through assimilation - absorption through the roots

68
Q

Describe the phosphorus cycle

A

-phosphorus in rocks is slowly released into soil and water sources in thr form of phosphate ions through weathering
-phosphate ions are taken up from soil by plants through roots or absorbed from water by algae
-phosphate ions are transferred to comsumers through feeding
-phosphate ions in waste products and dead irganisms are released into water/soil during decomposition by saprobionts
-phospahte ions can be taken up and used again by prducers or trapped in sediments that overtime turn into phosphorus rock

69
Q

What is mycorrhizae?

A

a combination of saprophytic fungi and roots of plants - mutualistic symbiosis
fungi act as extensions of roots

70
Q

How is mycorrhizae an example of mutualistic symbiosis?

A

fungus gains organic compounds from plants
plants gain more surfae area and can store more water

71
Q

What is guano?

A

phosphate rich extrecia that when dry creates rock material

72
Q

Describe the process of eutrophication

A

-nitrates and phosphates enter a body of water
-plants start to grow rapidly due to increase in nutrients
-algae layer also grows on top of water
-overtime some algae dies and is broken down by saprobionts which decompose it using O2
-O2 levels become critically low, and sunlight cannot pass through algae layer
-aerobic organisms die

73
Q

What are characteristics of natural fertiliser?

A

composed of organic matter
can improve soil structure
nutrients release over long period of time
not highly concentrated so large amounts needed
e.g manure, compost

74
Q

What are characteristics of natural fertiliser?

A

composed of inorganic matter
contain chemical compounds which are costly
known concentration
highly concentrated so smaller amounts needed
e.g ammonium nitrate

biology (8 decks)

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