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biological molecules Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are monomers?

A

smaller units from which larger molecules are made

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2
Q

What are polymers?

A

molecules made from large number of monomers joined together

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3
Q

Examples of monomers

A

monosaccharides, amino acids, nucleotides, fatty acids and glycerol

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4
Q

Examples of polymers

A

polysaccharides, polyeptides, DNA, tryglycerides

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5
Q

What is a condensation reaction?

A

joins two molecules together with the formation of a chemical bond and involves the removal of a molecule of water

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6
Q

What is a hydrolysis reaction?

A

breaks a chemical bond between two molecules using a water molecule

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7
Q

What are monosaccharides?

A

the monomers from which larger carbohydrates are made

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8
Q

Examples of monosaccharides

A

glucose, galactose and fructose

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9
Q

What bond forms during a condensation reaction of two monosaccharides?

A

glycosidic bonds

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10
Q

The condensation of what two molecules forms maltose?

A

2 alpha glucose

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11
Q

The condensation of what two molecules forms sucrose?

A

one glucose + one fructose

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12
Q

The condensation of what two molecules forms lactose?

A

one glucose + one galactose

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13
Q

What is the structure of alpha glucose?

A

H on top
OH on bottom

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14
Q

What is the structure of beta glucose?

A

OH on top
H on bottom

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15
Q

How do polysaccharides form?

A

Through condensation reaction of many monosacchasrides

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16
Q

Examples of polysaccharides

A

Starch, glycogen and cellulose

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17
Q

Structure and function of glycogen

A

Storage molecule
Alpha glucose
Branched molecule
1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds
Found in muscle cells

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18
Q

Structure and function of Cellulose

A

Structural molecule
Beta glucose
Straight and unbranched chains
1-4 hydrogen bonds (forming cross linkages) and 1-6 glycosidic bonds
Found in planyt cell walls

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19
Q

What are the two polysaccharides of starch?

A

Amylose and amylopectin

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20
Q

Structure and function of amylose

A

Storage molecule
alpha glucose
unbranched molecule
1-4 glycosidic bonds
found in leaves

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21
Q

Structure and function of amylopectin

A

storage molecule
alpha glucose
branched molecule
1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds
found in leaves

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22
Q

Test for reducing sugars

A

add benedicts reagent to sample
heat in water bath for 5 mins
if positive, colour change from blue to red-green

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23
Q

Test for non-reducing sugars

A

-Complete benedicts rest
-if negative add equal volume of hydrochloric acid
-heat in water bath
-add sodium hydrocarbonate
-test with pH paper to check solution is alkaline
-re-try benedicts test

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24
Q

What is the test for starch?

A

Add iodine solution, if positive, will turn from orange to blue/black

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25
Q

What is the test for lipids?

A

Emulsion test- mix ethanol and water and shake

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26
Q

What is the test for proteins?

A

Biuret test- add biuret to sample

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27
Q

What are the two types of lipids?

A

Tryglycerides and phosopholipids

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28
Q

How are tryglycderides formed?

A

the condensation reaction of one molecule of glycerol and three fatty acids

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29
Q

What bond is present in tryglycerides?

A

Ester bond

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30
Q

Function of tryglycerides

A

Energy storage, insulation and store of metabolic water

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31
Q

How is a phospholipid formed?

A

Condensation reaction of two fatty acids, glycerol and a phosphate group

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32
Q

Function of phospholipids

A

To make up cell membranes

33
Q

Structure of phospholipids

A

Hydrophobic tails and hydrophylic heads help to form a bilayer

34
Q

What are the two types of fatty acids and what is the difference?

A

Saturated- no double bonds
Unsaturated - at least one double bond

35
Q

What is an amino acid?

A

the monomer from which proteins are made

36
Q

General structure of an amino acid

A

(NH2) amine group, (COOH) carboxyl group and R (side) chain

37
Q

How many different amino acids is there?

A

20

38
Q

What bond is created following the condensation of 2 amino acids?

A

peptide bond

39
Q

How are di/polypeptides formed?

A

condensation reaction of 2 or more amino acids

40
Q

What is the primary structure of proteins?

A

specific sequence of amino acids that make up a polypeptide chain

41
Q

What is the secondary structure of proteins?

A

When the polypeptide chain starts to fold into an aplha helix or beta pleated sheet. These are maintained by hydrogen bonding

42
Q

What is the tertiary structure of proteins?

A

Further floding of the polypeptide chain into a complex shape. Disuphide bridges, ionic bonds and hydrogen bonds are present.

43
Q

What is the quaternary structure of proteins?

A

multiple polypeptide chains folding into a 3D shape e.g haemoglobin

44
Q

What do ionic bonds form between?

A

metals and non-metals

45
Q

What do disulphide bridges form between?

A

R groups of amino acids

46
Q

What do hydrogen bonds form between?

A

one amino acid in carboxyl group and one in amine group

47
Q

Enzyme function

A

biological catalyst and lowers activation energy of reaction

48
Q

What is the induced fit model?

A

When the substrate and enzyme binds, the enzyme changes shape to allow the substrate to bind more securely.

49
Q

What factors affect enzyme controlled reactions?

A

Temperature, pH, substrate concentration, enzyme concentrations, inhibitors, activators

50
Q

How does temperature/ pH / substrate concentration / enzyme concentrations / inhibitors / activators affect enzyme controlled reaction?

A

temperature-
pH-
substrate concentration-
enzyme concentrations-
inhibitors-
activators-

51
Q

Required practical 1 : Investigation into the effect of a named variable on the rate of an enzyme-controlled reaction.

A
52
Q

What is the lock and key model?

A

When the substrate and enzyme bind perfectly as the active site is complementary to the substrate

53
Q

What is formed when an enzyme and substrate bind?

A

enzyme-substrate complex

54
Q

What is competitive inhibition?

A

Molecules compete with the substrate molecules for the active site.
The inhibitor’s action is proportional to its concentration.
Resembles the substrate’s structure closely.

55
Q

What is non-competitive inhibition?

A

These are not influenced by the concentration of the substrate. It inhibits by binding irreversibly to the enzyme but not at the active site.

56
Q

What is the role of DNA and RNA?

A

DNA holds genetic information and RNA transfers genetic information from DNA to the ribosomes

57
Q

What is the structure of nucleotides?

A

pentose sugar, a nitrogen-containing base and a
phosphate group

58
Q

What are the components of DNA?

A

deoxyribose, a phosphate group and one of the bases adenine, cytosine, guanine or thymine

59
Q

What are the components of RNA?

A

ribose, a phosphate group and one of the bases adenine,
cytosine, guanine or uracil

60
Q

What bond is formed formed the condensation of 2 nucleotides?

A

Phosphodiester bond

61
Q

What is the structure of a DNA molecule including bonds?

A

a double helix with two polynucleotide chains held together by hydrogen bonds between specific complementary base pairs

62
Q

What is the structure of a RNA molecule?

A

a short polynucleotide chain

63
Q

What are the complementary base pairs?

A

Adenine pairs with Thymine/Uracil
Cytosine pairs with Guanine

64
Q

What is the process of semi-conservative DNA replication?

A
  • DNA helicase unwinds double helix and breaks hydrogen bonds between complementary bases in the polynucleotide strands
  • attraction of new DNA nucleotides to exposed bases on template strands and base pairing
  • DNA polymerase aids in the condensation reaction that joins adjacent nucleotides
65
Q

What did Watson and Crick argue?

A

that during replication, the strands of DNA separate and each strand acts as a template for the formation of a new
strand of DNA

66
Q

What is ATP made up of?

A

ribose sugar, adenine nitrogen base and three phosphate groups

67
Q

A hydrolysis reaction of what makes ATP?

A

adenosine diphosphate and an inorganic phosphate group

68
Q

How is ATP resynthesized?

A

the condensation of ADP and Pi

69
Q

What enzyme catalyses the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP?

A

ATP hydrolase

70
Q

What enzyme catalyses the condensation of ADP and Pi to ATP?

A

ATP synthase

71
Q

How is water a metabolite?

A

is in many metabolic reactions, including
condensation and hydrolysis reactions

72
Q

How is water a solvent?

A

solvent in which metabolic reactions occur - has a relatively high heat capacity, buffering changes in temperature

73
Q

What are the properties of water?

A

strong cohesion, large latent heat of vaporisation, high heat capacity, solvent and metabolite

74
Q

What is large latent heat of vaporisation?

A

providing a cooling effect with little loss of water through evaporation

75
Q

What is the role of sodium ions?

A

involved in the co-transport of
glucose and amino acids across membranes

76
Q

What is the role of hydrogen ions?

A

determine pH: acidic environments
have lots of free hydrogen ions

77
Q

What is the role of iron ions?

A

form part of haemoglobin- they form the
prosthetic group, haem, which helps haemoglobin in oxygen transportation

78
Q

What is the role of phosphate ions?

A

major components of DNA and ATP

biology (6 decks)

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