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biological molecules Flashcards

1
Q

What are monomers?

A

smaller units from which larger molecules are made

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2
Q

What are polymers?

A

molecules made from large number of monomers joined together

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3
Q

Examples of monomers

A

monosaccharides, amino acids, nucleotides

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4
Q

Examples of polymers

A

polysaccharides, proteins, DNA

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5
Q

What is a condensation reaction?

A

joins two molecules together with the formation of a chemical bond and involves the removal of a molecule of water

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6
Q

What is a hydrolysis reaction?

A

breaks a chemical bond between two molecules using a water molecule

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7
Q

What are monosaccharides?

A

the monomers from which larger carbohydrates are made

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8
Q

Examples of monosaccharides

A

glucose, galactose and fructose

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9
Q

What bond forms during a condensation reaction of two monosaccharides?

A

glycosidic bonds

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10
Q

The condensation of what two molecules forms maltose?

A

2 alpha glucose

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11
Q

The condensation of what two molecules forms sucrose?

A

one glucose + one fructose

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12
Q

The condensation of what two molecules forms lactose?

A

one glucose + one galactose

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13
Q

What is the structure of alpha glucose?

A

H on top
OH on bottom

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14
Q

What is the structure of beta glucose?

A

OH on top
H on bottom

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15
Q

How do polysaccharides form?

A

Through condensation reaction of many monosacchasrides

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16
Q

Examples of polysaccharides

A

Starch, glycogen and cellulose

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17
Q

Structure and function of glycogen

A

Storage molecule
Alpha glucose
Branched molecule
1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds
Found in muscle cells

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18
Q

Structure and function of Cellulose

A

Structural molecule
Beta glucose
Straight and unbranched chains
1-4 hydrogen bonds (forming cross linkages) and 1-6 glycosidic bonds
Found in planyt cell walls

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19
Q

What are the two polysaccharides of starch?

A

Amylose and amylopectin

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20
Q

Structure and function of amylose

A

Storage molecule
alpha glucose
unbranched molecule
1-4 glycosidic bonds
found in leaves

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21
Q

Structure and function of amylopectin

A

storage molecule
alpha glucose
branched molecule
1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds
found in leaves

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22
Q

Test for reducing sugars

A

add benedicts reagent to sample
heat in water bath for 5 mins
if positive, colour change from blue to red-green

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23
Q

Test for non-reducing sugars

A

-Complete benedicts rest
-if negative add equal volume of hydrochloric acid
-heat in water bath
-neutralise with sodium hydrogencarbonate
-re-try benedicts test - red/orange

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24
Q

What is the test for starch?

A

Add iodine solution, if positive, will turn from orange to blue/black

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25
What is the test for lipids?
Emulsion test- mix ethanol and water and shake
26
What is the test for proteins?
Biuret test- add biuret to sample
27
What are the two types of lipids?
Tryglycerides and phosopholipids
28
How are tryglycderides formed?
the condensation reaction of one molecule of glycerol and three fatty acids
29
What bond is present in tryglycerides?
Ester bond
30
Function of tryglycerides
Energy storage, insulation and store of metabolic water
31
How is a phospholipid formed?
Condensation reaction of two fatty acids, glycerol and a phosphate group
32
Function of phospholipids
To make up cell membranes
33
Structure of phospholipids
Hydrophobic tails and hydrophylic heads help to form a bilayer
34
What are the two types of fatty acids and what is the difference?
Saturated- no double bonds Unsaturated - at least one double bond
35
What is an amino acid?
the monomer from which proteins are made
36
General structure of an amino acid
(NH2) amine group, (COOH) carboxyl group and R (side) chain
37
How many different amino acids is there?
20
38
What bond is created following the condensation of 2 amino acids?
peptide bond
39
How are di/polypeptides formed?
condensation reaction of 2 or more amino acids
40
What is the primary structure of proteins?
specific sequence of amino acids that make up a polypeptide chain
41
What is the secondary structure of proteins?
When the polypeptide chain starts to fold into an aplha helix or beta pleated sheet. These are maintained by hydrogen bonding
42
What is the tertiary structure of proteins?
Further floding of the polypeptide chain into a complex shape. Disuphide bridges, ionic bonds and hydrogen bonds are present.
43
What is the quaternary structure of proteins?
multiple polypeptide chains folding into a 3D shape e.g haemoglobin
44
What do ionic bonds form between?
metals and non-metals
45
What do disulphide bridges form between?
R groups of amino acids
46
What do hydrogen bonds form between?
one amino acid in carboxyl group and one in amine group
47
Enzyme function
biological catalyst and lowers activation energy of reaction
48
What is the induced fit model?
When the substrate and enzyme binds, the enzyme changes shape to allow the substrate to bind more securely.
49
What factors affect enzyme controlled reactions?
Temperature, pH, substrate concentration, enzyme concentrations, inhibitors, activators
50
How does temperature/ pH / substrate concentration / enzyme concentrations / inhibitors / activators affect enzyme controlled reaction?
temperature- rising temo speeds up reaction but can dentaure if it goes over the optimum pH- changing pH from optimum will slow activity substrate concentration- if it increases so does enzyme activity enzyme concentrations- inhibitors- activators-
51
Required practical 1 : Investigation into the effect of a named variable on the rate of an enzyme-controlled reaction.
52
What is the lock and key model?
When the substrate and enzyme bind perfectly as the active site is complementary to the substrate
53
What is formed when an enzyme and substrate bind?
enzyme-substrate complex
54
What is competitive inhibition?
Molecules compete with the substrate molecules for the active site. The inhibitor’s active site is complementray to substrate
55
What is non-competitive inhibition?
These are not influenced by the concentration of the substrate. It inhibits by binding irreversibly to the enzyme but not at the active site.
56
What is the role of DNA and RNA?
DNA holds genetic information and RNA transfers genetic information from DNA to the ribosomes
57
What is the structure of nucleotides?
pentose sugar, a nitrogen-containing base and a phosphate group
58
What are the components of DNA?
deoxyribose, a phosphate group and one of the bases adenine, cytosine, guanine or thymine
59
What are the components of RNA?
ribose, a phosphate group and one of the bases adenine, cytosine, guanine or uracil
60
What bond is formed formed the condensation of 2 nucleotides?
Phosphodiester bond
61
What is the structure of a DNA molecule including bonds?
a double helix with two polynucleotide chains held together by hydrogen bonds between specific complementary base pairs
62
What is the structure of a RNA molecule?
a short polynucleotide chain made up of a ribose sugar, a nitrogenous base and phosphate group
63
What are the complementary base pairs?
Adenine pairs with Thymine/Uracil Cytosine pairs with Guanine
64
What is the process of semi-conservative DNA replication?
- DNA helicase unwinds double helix and breaks hydrogen bonds between complementary bases in the polynucleotide strands - attraction of new DNA nucleotides to exposed bases on template strands and base pairing - DNA polymerase aids in the condensation reaction that joins adjacent nucleotides
65
What did Watson and Crick argue?
that during replication, the strands of DNA separate and each strand acts as a template for the formation of a new strand of DNA
66
What is ATP made up of?
ribose sugar, adenine nitrogen base and three phosphate groups
67
A hydrolysis reaction of what makes ATP?
adenosine diphosphate and an inorganic phosphate group
68
How is ATP resynthesized?
the condensation of ADP and Pi
69
What enzyme catalyses the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP?
ATP hydrolase
70
What enzyme catalyses the condensation of ADP and Pi to ATP?
ATP synthase
71
How is water a metabolite?
is in many metabolic reactions, including condensation and hydrolysis reactions
72
How is water a solvent?
it is capable of dissolving more substances than any other liquid
73
What are the properties of water?
strong cohesion, large latent heat of vaporisation, high heat capacity, solvent and metabolite
74
What is large latent heat of vaporisation?
amount of energy needed to turn substance from liquid to gas - providing a cooling effect with little loss of water through evaporation
75
What is the role of sodium ions?
involved in the co-transport of glucose and amino acids across membranes
76
What is the role of hydrogen ions?
determine pH: acidic environments have lots of free hydrogen ions
77
What is the role of iron ions?
form part of haemoglobin- they form the prosthetic group, haem, which helps haemoglobin in oxygen transportation
78
What is the role of phosphate ions?
major components of DNA and ATP

biology (8 decks)

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