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Genetics > GENETICS OF CANCER > Flashcards

GENETICS OF CANCER Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

A disease characterized by uncontrolled cell division.

a. Disorder
b. Virus
c. Illness
d. Cancer

A

Cancer

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2
Q

It is a genetic disease at the cellular level.

a. Disorder
b. Virus
c. Illness
d. Cancer

A

Cancer

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3
Q

caused by mutations

A

Alterations

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4
Q
  1. Sustaining proliferative signaling
  2. Evading growth suppressors
  3. Resisting cell death
  4. Inducing angiogenesis
  5. Enabling replicative immortality
  6. Activating invasion and metastasis
A

Alterations

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5
Q

caused by mutations that affect growth factor receptors and signal transduction genes, cell cycle regulatory genes, DNA repair genes, or genes controlling apoptosis.

A

Alterations

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6
Q

Cancers typically originate in _____, such as _______ stem cells that give rise to differentiated tissues in the adult.

A

dividing cells; precursor
(progenitor)

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7
Q

stem cells that give rise to differentiated tissues in the adult.

A

Precursor (progenitor)

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8
Q

Most cancers originate in s____ c__s and not germ-line cells.

A

somatic cells

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9
Q

It is called a mutated gene

A

oncogene or tumor-suppressor gene

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10
Q

In this characteristic of cancer, a cancerous growth can be considered to be clonal.

a. Most cancers originate in a single cell

b. At the cellular and genetic levels, cancer is usually a multistep process

c. Once a cellular growth has become malignant, the cells are invasive

A

Most cancers originate in a single cell

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11
Q

It begins with a precancerous genetic change (i.e., a benign growth).

a. Most cancers originate in a single cell

b. At the cellular and genetic levels, cancer is usually a multistep process

c. Once a cellular growth has become malignant, the cells are invasive

A

At the cellular and genetic levels, cancer is usually a multistep process

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12
Q

Following additional genetic changes, it progresses to cancerous cell growth.

a. Most cancers originate in a single cell

b. At the cellular and genetic levels, cancer is usually a multistep process

c. Once a cellular growth has become malignant, the cells are invasive

A

At the cellular and genetic levels, cancer is usually a multistep process

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13
Q

They are also metastatic (i.e., they can migrate to other parts of the body.

a. Most cancers originate in a single cell

b. At the cellular and genetic levels, cancer is usually a multistep process

c. Once a cellular growth has become malignant, the cells are invasive

A

Once a cellular growth has become malignant, the cells are invasive

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14
Q

5 to 10% of cancers are due to inherited predisposition

a. Most cancers originate in a single cell

b. At the cellular and genetic levels, cancer is usually a multistep process

c. Once a cellular growth has become malignant, the cells are invasive

A

Once a cellular growth has become malignant, the cells are invasive

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15
Q

90 to 95% are not
- A small subset of these is the result of spontaneous mutations and viruses.
- However, at least 80% of cancers are related to exposure to mutagens
- These alter the structure and expression of genes

a. Most cancers originate in a single cell

b. At the cellular and genetic levels, cancer is usually a multistep process

c. Once a cellular growth has become malignant, the cells are invasive

A

Once a cellular growth has become malignant, the cells are invasive

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16
Q

An environmental agent that causes cancer is termed a carcinogen

a. Most cancers originate in a single cell

b. At the cellular and genetic levels, cancer is usually a multistep process

c. Once a cellular growth has become malignant, the cells are invasive

A

Once a cellular growth has become malignant, the cells are invasive

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17
Q

An environmental agent that causes cancer is termed a _____

A

carcinogen

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18
Q

Most malignant tumor cells eventually acquire the ability to metastasize. To do so they must degrade the basement membranes of connective tissue underlying epithelial cells and surrounding the endothelial cells of blood vessels.

A

Metastasis

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19
Q

This membrane of the connective tissue must be degraded, underlying epithelial cells and surrounding the endothelial cells of blood vessels.

A

basement membranes

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20
Q

It activates the blood protease, plasmin, accomplished by its secretion

A

Plasminogen activator

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21
Q

Malignant cells form structures, which contain protein components needed for crossing basement membranes.

A

invadopodia

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22
Q

cancers are thought to typically originate in dividing cells, such as ________ give rise to differentiated tissues in the adult

A

precursor (progenitor) stem cells

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23
Q

These cells already possess one of the key properties needed for malignancy- the ability to continue to divide indefinitely.

A

precursor (progenitor) stem cells

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24
Q

Recent research has shown that tumors do not contain a single type of transformed cell, although all are thought to come from a single original cell. Instead, tumors contain dangerous ______________ that divide to produce a copy of themselves, and another cell of more limited replicative potential.

A

cancer stem cells

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25
Q

is monitored by proteins that can sense if a chromosome is not correctly attached to the spindle apparatus

a. M checkpoint
b. G1 and G2 checkpoints

A

M checkpoint

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26
Q

Involve proteins that can sense DNA damage

a. M checkpoint
b. G1 and G2 checkpoints

A

G1 and G2 checkpoints

27
Q

These are control mechanisms that ensure the fidelity of cell division in eukaryotic cells.

A

Cell cycle checkpoints

28
Q

These checkpoints verify whether the processes at each phase of the cell cycle have been accurately completed before progression to the next phase.

A

Cell cycle checkpoints

29
Q

Function of many checkpoints is to _______, which is detected by sensor mechanisms – function of checkpoint proteins.

A

assess DNA damage; Function of many checkpoints is to assess DNA damage, which is detected by sensor mechanisms – function of checkpoint proteins.

30
Q

function of checkpoint proteins.

A

sensor mechanisms

31
Q

Prevent division of cells that may have incurred DNA damage

A

Checkpoint proteins

32
Q

Provides a mechanism to stop accumulation of genetic abnormalities that could produce cancer.

A

Proteins

33
Q

The second class of proteins involved with genome maintenance consists of ______________.

A

DNA repair enzymes

34
Q

PROTEINS WITH A ROLE IN CANCER:

A
  1. Checkpoint proteins prevent division of cells that may have incurred DNA damage.
  2. Provides a mechanism to stop accumulation of genetic abnormalities that could produce cancer.
  3. A second class of proteins involved with genome maintenance consists of DNA repair enzymes.
35
Q

GENETIC CHANGES LEADING TO CANCER:

A
  1. Some genes affect growth directly, others may enable metastasis which allows expansion to new locations, giving the cells a growth advantage
  2. Estimated that 300 different genes may play a role in development of human cancer
    - Over 1% of our genes
  3. Chromosome abnormalities are often associated with cancer
    - Missing chromosomes may have carried tumor suppressor
    - Duplicated chromosomes may overexpress proto-oncogenes.
36
Q

GENES COMMONLY MUTATED IN CANCER:

A
  1. Genes that control cell growth and proliferation are commonly mutated in cancers.
  2. Gain-of-function mutations that increase the activity of proto-oncogenes such as growth-promoting signaling molecules (I), receptors (II), intracellular signal transduction pathways (III), or TFs (IV) are associated with cancers.
  3. The resulting mutated genes are referred to as oncogenes.
  4. Loss-of-function mutations in tumor-suppressor genes such as cell cycle control proteins (V), DNA repair proteins (e.g., caretaker genes, VI), or anti-proliferative factor receptors such as the TGFß receptor can cause cancer.
37
Q

These are the resulting mutated genes

A

Oncogenes

38
Q

GENES COMMONLY MUTATED IN CANCER:

A
  1. Lastly, gain-of-function mutations in anti-apoptotic genes and loss-of-function mutations in pro-apoptotic genes are associated with cancer (VII).
  2. Although relatively rare, human cancers can be caused by retroviruses that carry dominant viral oncogenes. More commonly, the insertion of a strong retroviral promoter upstream of a proto-oncogene can switch it on leading to cancer.
39
Q

human cancers can be caused by ______ that carry dominant viral oncogenes

A

retroviruses; human cancers can be caused by retroviruses that carry dominant viral oncogenes

40
Q

the insertion of a strong _______ of a proto-oncogene can switch it on leading to cancer.

A

retroviral promoter upstream; the insertion of a strong retroviral promoter upstream of a proto oncogene can switch it on leading to cancer.

41
Q

proto-oncogenes are genes that normally help cells grow. When a proto-oncogene mutates (changes) or there are too many copies of it, it becomes a “bad” gene that can become permanently turned on or activated when it is not supposed to be.

A

Oncogene/s

42
Q

When this happens, the cell grows out of control, which can lead to cancer. This bad gene is called an?

A

Oncogene

43
Q

These are normal genes that slow down cell division, repair DNA mistakes, or tell cells when to die; When these genes don’t work properly, cells can grow out of control, leading to cancer.

A

Tumor suppressor genes

44
Q

a process known as ______ or programmed cell death

A

Apoptosis

45
Q

Promotes cell survival or proliferation

A

Proto-oncogenes

46
Q

Inhibit cell survival or proliferation

A

Tumor-suppressor genes

47
Q

Repair or prevent DNA damage

A

Caretake genes

48
Q

Are normal cellular genes that can be mutated into an oncogene.
(Expression becomes abnormally active)

A

Proto-oncogenes

49
Q

Three ways an oncogene occurs:

A
  1. The Oncogene maybe overexpressed
  2. The oncogene may produce an aberrant protein
  3. The oncogene may be expressed in a cell type where it is not normally expressed.
50
Q

This yields too much of the encoded protein

A

The oncogene may be overexpressed

51
Q

Mutations that alter the amino acid sequence of a cell cycle protein, keep the cell division signaling pathway turned on.

A

The oncogene may produce an aberrant protein

52
Q

Three ways of loss function in Tumor-suppressor genes:

A
  1. A mutation in the tumor-suppressor gene itself
  2. DNA methylation
  3. Aneuploidy
53
Q

The promoter could be inactivated

An early stop codon could be introduced in the coding sequence.

A

A mutation in the tumor-suppressor gene itself

54
Q

The methylation of CpG islands near the promoters of tumor suppressor genes, inhibits transcription.

A

DNA methylation

55
Q

Chromosome loss may contribute to the progression of cancer if the lost chromosome carries one or more tumor-suppressor genes.

A

Aneuploidy

56
Q

encode proteins that function in the sensing of genome integrity.

A

(some) tumor-suppressor genes

57
Q

It refers to the mechanisms that prevent mutations or prevent mutant cells from surviving or dividing.

A

Genome maintenance

58
Q

These proteins can detect abnormalities such as DNA breaks and improperly segregated chromosomes. Many of these proteins are called?

A

Checkpoint proteins

59
Q

They check the integrity of the genome and prevent cells from progressing past a certain point of the cell cycle if there is a damage.

A

Checkpoint proteins

60
Q

Roles of Tumor-suppressor genes:

A

Some encode proteins that have direct effects on the regulation of cell division

Others play a role in the proper maintenance of the genome

61
Q

Inherited Forms of Cancers:

A

-As mentioned earlier, about 5% to 10% of all cancers involve germ-line mutations. (People who have inherited such mutations have a predisposition to develop cancers)

-Genetic testing exists for certain types of cancer (Familial adenomatous polyposis)

-Most inherited forms of cancer involve a defect in tumor-suppressor genes.

62
Q

These genes prevent the proliferation of cancer cells.

If they are inactivated by mutation, it becomes more likely that cancer will occur.

A

Tumor-suppressor genes

63
Q

A tumor of the retina of the eye.

A

Retinoblastoma

Genetics (8 decks)

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