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Genetics > Chromosomal Basis of Heredity > Flashcards

Chromosomal Basis of Heredity Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

-the gel-like fluid inside the cell. It is the medium for chemical reactions. It provides a platform upon which other organelles can operate within the cell. All of the functions for cell expansion, growth, and replication are carried out in the cytoplasm of a cell.

🠶 Mitochondria
🠶 Golgi apparatus – netlike staining bodies commonly found in cells engaged in secretion.
🠶 Endoplasmic reticulum – double wallaed membrane folded in layers that
appear to be connected with cell membrane.
🠶 Ribosomes – small particles floating in cytoplasm
🠶 Centrosome and accompanying centriole – organelle that duplicates itself and shows continuous inheritance between cell generations.
🠶 Chloroplast

A. Nucleus
B. Cytoplasm
C. Chromosome

A

Cytoplasm

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2
Q

🠶 Primary director of cellular activity and inheritance.
🠶Surrounded by a double membrane that appears in contact with the endoplasmic reticulum and cell membrane.
Chromatin – chromosomes
🠶Nucleoli maybe found attached to specific chromosome regions.

A. Nucleus
B. Cytoplasm
C. Chromosome

A

Nucleus

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3
Q

The powerhouse of the cell; is membrane-bound cell organelles (mitochondrion, singular) that generate most of the chemical energy needed to power the cell’s biochemical reactions. Chemical energy produced by it is stored in a small molecule called adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

A. Golgi Apparatus
B. Mitochondria
C. Endoplasmic reticulum
D. Ribosomes
E. Centrosome and centriole
F. Chloroplast

A

Mitochondria

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4
Q

netlike staining bodies commonly found in cells engaged in secretion.

A. Golgi Apparatus
B. Mitochondria
C. Endoplasmic reticulum
D. Ribosomes
E. Centrosome and centriole
F. Chloroplast

A

Golgi Apparatus

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5
Q

double walled membrane folded in layers that
appear to be connected with the cell membrane.

A. Golgi Apparatus
B. Mitochondria
C. Endoplasmic reticulum
D. Ribosomes
E. Centrosome and centriole
F. Chloroplast

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

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6
Q

small particles floating in the cytoplasm

A. Golgi Apparatus
B. Mitochondria
C. Endoplasmic reticulum
D. Ribosomes
E. Centrosome and centriole
F. Chloroplast

A

Ribosomes

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7
Q

the organelle that duplicates itself and shows continuous inheritance between cell generations.

A. Golgi Apparatus
B. Mitochondria
C. Endoplasmic reticulum
D. Ribosomes
E. Centrosome and centriole
F. Chloroplast

A

Centrosome and centriole

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8
Q

🠶Permanent well defined region on the chromosome where kinetochore proteins attached to.
🠶The spindle fibers bind to kinetochore and the depolymerisation of the spindle fibers enables the chromosome to move to opposite poles.

A. Centrosome or Primary Constriction
B. Secondary Constriction
C. Nucleolus-Organizing region
D. Chromomeres and Knobs

A

Centrosome or Primary Constriction

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9
Q

One is an exact copy of the other and each contains one DNA Molecule

A. Two identical Chromatids
B. p arm
C. Centromere
D. Q arm
E. DNA molecule

A

Two identical Chromatids

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10
Q

short arm structure

A. Two identical Chromatids
B. p arm
C. Centromere
D. Q arm
E. DNA molecule

A

p arm

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11
Q

long arm structure

A. Two identical Chromatids
B. p arm
C. Centromere
D. Q arm
E. DNA molecule

A

q arm

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12
Q

long strike-like DNA molecule formed into a compact structure by proteins called histones

A. Two identical Chromatids
B. p arm
C. Centromere
D. Q arm
E. DNA molecule

A

DNA molecule

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13
Q

have the centromere in the center, such that both sections are of equal length.

A. Metacentric Chromosomes
B. Submetacentric Chromosomes
C. Acrocentric Chromosomes
D. Telocentric Chromosomes

A

Metacentric Chromosomes

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14
Q

have the centromere slightly offset from the center leading to a slight asymmetry in the length of the two sections.

A. Metacentric Chromosomes
B. Submetacentric Chromosomes
C. Acrocentric Chromosomes
D. Telocentric Chromosomes

A

Submetacentric Chromosomes

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15
Q

have a centromere that is severely offset from
the center leading to one very long and one very short section.

A. Metacentric Chromosomes
B. Submetacentric Chromosomes
C. Acrocentric Chromosomes
D. Telocentric Chromosomes

A

Acrocentric Chromosomes

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16
Q

have the centromere at the very end of the chromosome.

A. Metacentric Chromosomes
B. Submetacentric Chromosomes
C. Acrocentric Chromosomes
D. Telocentric Chromosomes

A

Telocentric Chromosomes

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17
Q

Pinching off small chromosomal sections forms the satellite. This is often associated with regions where the nucleolus is formed or attached.

A. Centrosome or Primary Constriction
B. Secondary Constriction
C. Nucleolus-Organizing region
D. Chromomeres and Knobs

A

Secondary Constriction

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18
Q

The organization of the nucleolus is the function of a specific point on a particular chromosome. When the nucleolus is visible, it can be seen to be attached to this region. The chromosome where this region is located is known as the nucleolus organizer.

A. Centrosome or Primary Constriction
B. Secondary Constriction
C. Nucleolus-Organizing region
D. Chromomeres and Knobs

A

Nucleolus-Organizing region

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19
Q

String characteristic particle of unequal size and unequal sizes at unequal distances apart.

A. Centrosome or Primary Constriction
B. Secondary Constriction
C. Nucleolus-Organizing region
D. Chromomeres and Knobs

A

Chromomeres and Knobs

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20
Q

The smaller “bead of string” are called ____ and larger ones are called __

A

Chromomeres and Knobs

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20
Q

-process where a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells (cell division)
-Mechanism of cell division by which the genetic and chromosome composition
of a cell is faithfully reproduced in each daughter cells.
-Growing cells undergo cell cycle which consists of 4 distinct phases:
- G1, S, G2 and M
-Interphase – non mitotic stage.

A

Mitosis

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21
Q

4 phases of cell cycle:

A

G1 - Growth
S - DNA synthesis
G2 - Growth and preparation for mitosis
M - Mitosis (Cell division)

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22
Q

1st phase in cell cycle; growth
-First gap period and longest phase of the cell cycle
-The cell increases in volume and builds new protoplasm and organelles; secretion granules and cell wall materials are also elaborated.

A. G1
B. S
C. G2
D. M

A

G1

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23
Q

2nd phase in cell cycle: DNA synthesis, DNA replication

A. G1
B. S
C. G2
D. M

A

S

24
Q

3rd phase in cell cycle: growth and preparation for mitosis
-Synthesis of RNA and proteins necessary for chromosome synthesis and for mitotic spindle.
-Shorter that G-1 and S phases.

A. G1
B. S
C. G2
D. M

A

G2

25
Q

4th phase in cell cycle; mitosis
- Structural changes of chromosomes are visible
- Subdivided into stages – prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase.

A

M

26
Q

non-mitotic stage

A

Interphase

27
Q

4 Stages of Mitosos

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

28
Q
  • Chromosomes condense enough to be seen with a light microscope.
  • Spindle forms between the 2 centrioles.
  • Spindle fibers attach to kinetochores.

A. Prophase
B. Metaphase
C. Anaphase
D. Telophase

A

Prophase

29
Q

forms between the 2 centrioles that are also attached to kinetochores

A. Kindle
B. Spindle
C. Polar Fiber
D. Centrioles

A

Spindle

30
Q

-Alignment of the chromosomes along the center of the cell
-Fibers attached to kinetochores on both sides of each chromosome.

A. Prophase
B. Metaphase
C. Anaphase
D. Telophase

A

Metaphase

31
Q

Separation of the sister chromatids

A. Prophase
B. Metaphase
C. Anaphase
D. Telophase

A

Anaphase

32
Q

-splits apart - sister chromatids move toward opposite poles
-disassembly of the tubulin subunits shortens the microtubules

A

Centromere

33
Q
  • Re-formation of the nuclei once the chromosomes are at opposite poles.
  • Chromosomes unwind.

A. Prophase
B. Metaphase
C. Anaphase
D. Telophase

A

Telophase

34
Q

🠶Division of the cytoplasm.
🠶 Two complete, diploid cells that are identical to the original cell.
🠶 During _____ in animal cells, the cell pinches in two.
🠶 A cleavage furrow produced by microfilaments deepens until the cell splits.
🠶 In plant cells, _____ is accomplished by the formation of a cell plate.

A. Mitosis
B. Cytokinesis
C. Meiosis

A

Cytokinesis

35
Q
  • a process where a single cell divides twice to produce four cells containing half the original amount of genetic information.
  • Chromosome number of the cells is reduced to half its usual number
    (Sexually reproducing organism).
  • This is also preceded by the G-1, S, and G-2 phases of the cell cycle.
  • This consists of 2 nuclear divisions following each other in rapid consequence:
    Meiosis I (reduction division); and Meiosis II ( equation division).
A

Meiosis

36
Q

Reduction division

A

Meiosis I

37
Q

Equation division

A

Meiosis II

38
Q

Processes in Meiosis I Reduction division:

A

Prophase I
Metaphase I
Anaphase I
Telophase I

39
Q

substage of ____ I are leptotene, zygotene, pachytene
diplotene and diakinesis.

A. Prophase I
B. Metaphase I
C. Anaphase I
D. Telophase I

A

Prophase I

40
Q

The chromosomes are slender, long with many bead-like structures along their length.

A. Leptotene stage
B. Zygotene stage
C. Pachytene stage
D. Diplotene stage

A

Leptotene stage

41
Q

🠶 The pairing of homologous chromosomes (or chromosomes identical in their genetic loci and their visible structure) begins at this stage.
🠶 The paired homologous chromosomes from bivalent (II).
🠶 Synapsis is very precise so that homologous by chromosome and proceeds in a zipper-like fashion.
🠶 Synaptonemal complex
Think to cross over

A. Leptotene stage
B. Zygotene stage
C. Pachytene stage
D. Diplotene stage

A

Zygotene stage

42
Q

🠶The chromosomes are thickened owing to coiling and are closely appressed that they may not be resolved. Each chromosome or bivalent consists of four chromatids.
🠶During this stage chromatid, breaks occur and are repaired – formation of chiasma at the point of exchange.
🠶During this stage, the nucleolus is particularly evident and certain chromosomes are attached to it: nucleolus organizer.

A. Leptotene stage
B. Zygotene stage
C. Pachytene stage
D. Diplotene stage

A

Pachytene stage

43
Q

🠶The longitudinal separation of bivalents initiates diplonema. The homologs separate starting from the centromere and proceed toward both ends except at the chiasmata.
🠶At this stage, the synaptonemal complex is no longer functional, hence the separation of strands. The chromosomes are actively shortening and their coiled nature is very apparent. Later the chiasmata appear to move toward the end, in the process known as terminalisation.

A. Leptotene stage
B. Zygotene stage
C. Pachytene stage
D. Diplotene stage

A

Diplotene stage

44
Q

This is where terminalisation process appears

A. Leptotene stage
B. Zygotene stage
C. Pachytene stage
D. Diplotene stage

A

Diplotene stage

45
Q
  • The chromosomes become more contracted and assume unique configurations due to the repulsion of the chromatid pairs.
  • During this stage, the nucleolus begins to disintegrate and the spindle formation begins. The bivalents are distributed evenly in the nucleus.
A

Diakinesis

46
Q

The nuclear membrane disintegrates and the spindle appears. The bivalent move to the metaphase plate where they become oriented properly.

A. Metaphase I
B. Anaphase I
C. Telophase 1

A

Metaphase 1

47
Q
  • The chromosome moves from the metaphase plate to the poles during Anaphase I
  • Accounts for the reductional phase of Meiosis I

A. Metaphase I
B. Anaphase I
C. Telophase 1

A

Anaphase I

48
Q

The chromosomes regroup and their coiled structure begin to relax.

A. Metaphase I
B. Anaphase I
C. Telophase 1

A

Telophase I

49
Q

Process in Meiosis I wherein the chromosomes condense, and the nuclear envelope breaks down. Crossing-over occurs.

A. Prophase I
B. Metaphase I
C. Anaphase I
D. Telophase I & Cytokinesis

A

Prophase I

50
Q

Pairs of homologous chromosomes move to the equator of the cell

A. Prophase I
B. Metaphase I
C. Anaphase I
D. Telophase I & Cytokinesis

A

Metaphase 1

51
Q

Homologous chromosomes move to the opposite poles of the cell

A. Prophase I
B. Metaphase I
C. Anaphase I
D. Telophase I & Cytokinesis

A

Anaphase I

52
Q

Chromosomes gather at the poles of the cells. The cytoplasm divides.

A. Prophase I
B. Metaphase I
C. Anaphase I
D. Telophase I & Cytokinesis

A

Telophase I & Cytokinesis

53
Q

🠶 This stage is similar to mitotic prophase except that is has the chromosome number. The chromosomes appear as double structures.

🠶 The nucleolus and the nuclear membrane disintegrate during Prophase II.

A. Prophase II
B. Metaphase II
C. Anaphase II
D. Telophase II

A

Prophase II

54
Q

Two spindles are formed in the position of the nuclei and the chromosomes align on the equational plate of their respective spindle.

A. Prophase II
B. Metaphase II
C. Anaphase II
D. Telophase II

A

Metaphase II

55
Q

🠶 Two spindles are formed in the position of the nuclei and the chromosomes align on the equational plate of their respective spindle.

A. Prophase II
B. Metaphase II
C. Anaphase II
D. Telophase II

A

Metaphase II

56
Q

-The chromosomes uncoil and lengthen. The nuclear membrane membrane and
the nucleolus reappear.

-Each of the four daughter cells is a haploid.

A. Prophase II
B. Metaphase II
C. Anaphase II
D. Telophase II

A

Telophase II

57
Q

The general pattern of Eukaryotic lifecycle

A
  1. Diploid phase, which is characterized by a series of mitotic divisions, followed by…
  2. Meiosis, the first step in gamete formation, which maybe followed by…
  3. A series of haploid mitotic divisions and then,
  4. Fertilization or fusion of 2 gametes or haploid nuclei, thus restoring the diploid phase

Genetics (8 decks)

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