Genetics - Mutations Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a mutation? Mutations collected over time cause changes to the ______? Some are spontaneous, others are a reaction w a ______.

A

Small-scale change in nucleotide sequence of DNA. Changes genome. May be caused by reaction w mutagen.

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2
Q

Examples of mutagens?

A

radiation: gamma, x-rays, microwaves
chemicals: tar in cigs

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3
Q

Mutations could have no effects (_______) or catastrophic events.

A

benign

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4
Q

What percent of human DNA is non-coding? A point mutation that has no effect on the functioning genome is called a ______ mutation.

A

98.5%, silent

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5
Q

Mutations in the coding regions could also be _______. Ex. a point mutation to GAA converts the codon to GAG but both code for Gly

A

silent

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6
Q

What is a mis-sense mutation?

A

A point mutation that changes a codon so that a different protein is specified

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7
Q

A gene can tolerate a few amino acid ______ before biological function is changed. What kind of mutation is this?

A

changes. Missense (single diff protein is produced)

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8
Q

What type of mutation coverts a codon that specifies an amino acid into a stop codon? How long is the protein? What are the effects?

A

Nonsense, short, catastrophic (non-functional protein)

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9
Q

What are the two types of frameshift mutations?

A

Addition or deletion of a single nucleotide that changes the entire reading frame of mRNA

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10
Q

The deletion of a single nucleotide (A, T, C or G) changes all the codon __________ from the change.

A

downstream.

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