Biochemistry Flashcards
What are macromolecules?
Large complex organic molecules
Monomers vs polymers?
MONOMERS are single molecules that are chemically joined to form longer chains called POLYMERS
You simultaneously breakdown polymers and build up monomers in the body. What happens to starch when u eat bread?
Starch is broken into individual monomers. some back to O and CO2. Remaining monomers are then used to build starch the body can use (glycogen)
What is the building up of polymers? As polymers build, what is removed?
Anabolism. Water (dehydration synthesis/condensation - water found in products)
Breaking down polymers? What is added?
Catabolism, hydrolysis. Water (in reactants)
What are the 4 categories of biological molecules? Which one is not a lipid?
Carbs, proteins, nucleic acids. Lipids are not polymers but have unique molecular structure (non-polar)
Oil in water is an example of a _________ interaction. The opposite is ________. Oil is non ______ therefore there are no partial charges. Why does it clump together?
Hydrophobic. Hydrophilic. Non-partial. It clumps bc it does not dissolve, thus minimize its disruptive effect by reducing SA.
Why are polar and ionic substances able to dissolve in water?
Water is polar like these substances. Water is attracted to + and - charges.
What kind of bond is a hydrogen bond, inter and intra molecular? How many H-bonds is an atom able to make to other water atoms
INTER because it is between molecules! 4
Hydrogen bond occurs between the partial negative charge on the _____ (an element) and the partial positive charge on ______ (an element).
oxygen, hydrogen
Cohesion is the ability of water to bond to ______ which gives rise to surface ______, forming ______.
itself, tension, droplets
Adhesion is the abilityof water to bond to other ______ and ______ substances ex. ________ or ________ interaction
polar, ionic, meniscus, hydrophilic
Which polymer is known as cellular energy and building material?
Carbs
Carb monomers are ______________ aka simple _______. They are composed of ________, ________, _________ in a 1:2:1 ratio. Also known as ______ hydrates. Which monosaccharide is most popular?
monosaccharides, sugars, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen. carbon. Glucose (6 carbon sugar)
What are the two sugar hallmarks?
- Hydroxyl group on every carbon in the chain execpt one
- Carbonyl group on one carbon
What are isomers?
Molecules with the same chemical formula but different structural formulas.
What are the two types of monosaccharides and how do they differ? Which sugar is a ketose?
- Aldose: carbonly group located on the end of the chain (glucose and galactose)
- Ketose: carbonyl group located on a carbon that is NOT the end (frcutose)
In an aqueous environment, sugars assume a ______ form. When glucose forms a ring, the carbonyl carbon breaks the ______ bond and forms a single bond w the _______ from 5-carbon.
ring, double, oxygen
_________________ are two monosaccharides formed by condensation. it is known as _______ energy. what are some examples?
disaccharides, quick, lactose (milk sugar = glucose and galactose), sucrose (table sugar = glucose and fructose), maltose (beer sugar = glucose + glucose)
the covalent bond formed between two monosaccharide monomers is called?
glycosidic linkage
Polysaccharides are the _______, large complex carbohydrates. what are the two storage polysaccs?
Polymers, plant starch and animal starch (glycogen)
Plant starches store _______ for plants and are mainly composed of ______ __________ monomers. Us heterotrophs can ______ it. What is the difference between amylose and amylopectin?
energy, alpha glucose, digest. Amylopectin is highly branched
In comparison to the long-term storage of plant starch, animal starch is a _______ supply of energy. It is stored in the ______ and _______ muscle (moves bones). Also known as _________, this starch is HIGHLY _________.
quick, liver and skeletal muscle, glycogen, branched
Cellulose is a __________ polysaccharide. It is formed for entirely ___________ chains of glucose. ___________ execpt for certain bacteria/fungi
structural, unbrancched, indegistble
Starch, glycogen and cellulose are all polymers composed of _________ monomers. the first two are energy sources that can be __________ by enzymes, so it can be digested. We cannot digest cellulose for the reason of the ________ formed when glucose _________ form __________.
glucose, hydrolyzed, structure, monomers, polymers
There are two diff configurations of the glucose ring: alpha and beta. In the alpha form, the closed ring has the _______ group on C-1 _______ the plane of the ring. In beta form, it is ________.
hyrdoxyl, alpha, beta
Starch and glycogen have glucose monomers in the _______ form. When the bond is joined (all Os pointing down attached at 1-4) it is called the ___________________. Cellulose has the monomers in the _______ form. (every other glucose is _______). This is called ________________.
alpha, Alpha 1-4 glycosidic linkage, beta, upside down, Beta 1-4 glycosidic linkage
The beta configuration of cellulose allows it to form _________ unbranching chains. ________ bonds form between chains, resulting in strong fibres. Why is it important?
straight, hydrogen.
Dietary fiber increases the weight and size of your stool and softens it
Chitin is a _____________ polysaccharide. It is very strong. Composed of ________ monomers that have a _________ side chain on C-2 instead of a _________ group.
structural, glucose, nitrogen, hydroxyl
Lipids can be divided into ___ groups of molecules. They are ____, __________, _________. They are NOT ________, they differ ______________. They are all __________ (hydrophobic)
3, fats, phospholipids, steroids. polymers, structurally, non-polar
Fats and oils are known as the energy __________ for animals. There is ____ times more energy per gram of ____ than carbs. Composed of C, H and O with much more ___ and ___. Basic structure is called the _________________.
reserve, 2.5, fat, C, H, triglyceride.
structure of triglyceride: 1 ________ per 3 _______ _______. Glycerol is a 3 ______ alcohol. A fatty acid is a long _____________ chain with a ___________ acid attached at one end. There is always an _______ # of carbons in the chain.
glycerol, fatty acids, carbon, hydrocarbon, carboxylic, even
A ______________ reaction removes __ molecules of acid as each fatty acid joins the ________. There are NO _______ regions on the molecule.
condensation, 3, glycerol, polar
What are the two types of fat? Compare their state at room temp, number of bonds and if they are found in plants or animals?
Saturated: solid, no double bonds, animals
Unsaturated: liquid, double bonds, plants
With saturated fats, there are no _______ bonds in the ____________ chain. There is a maximum concentration of __________. Unsaturated fats are _______ because their double bonds create angles that make the skeleton _______. Polyunsaturated are _________ than mono because they have more double bonds (less ________.)
double, hydrocarbon, hydrogen, liquid, kinky, healthier, viscous
The 2nd kind of fat, ___________ have a polar and non-polar region. The basic structure is 1 molecule of __________, 2 _______ _______ and 1 _________ group (replaces 3rd fatty acid). The head (glycerol and phosphate group) is ________. The two fatty acid tails are __________. Phospholipids form a ________ ________ in each cell membrane.
phospholipids, glycerol, fatty acids, phosphate, polar, non-polar, double layer
The 3rd group of fats, __________, has a characteristic structure of 4 fused _____, called a ______ backbone. The variation in steroids is found in the ____________ group. It is a precursor for sex hormones, ____________ in males, ____________ and ___________ in females. Anabolic steroids are for _______ growth and mimic testoterone.
steroids, rings, sterol, functional, testerone, progesterone, estrogen, muscle
Proteins are ploymers and their monomers are _______ acids. All proteins in living things are made from the same set of ____ amino acids,
amino. 20
A protein polymer is called a __________ chain. It is a linear chain of _______ acids covalently bonded. Each time two amino acids are chemically bonded, a ________ of water is ____. The covalent bond forms between the ______ group on one, and ________ group on the other.
polypeptide, amino, molecule, lost, amino, carboxylic
The primary level determines the SPECIFIC ___________ of an amino acid. This is determined by the DNA in the ______ coding for a specific ______. Formation of _________ bonds creates a long chain with the ________ group on one end and the _______ group on the other end.
sequence, gene, protein, peptide, carboxlyic, amino
There are 4 bonds that cause proteins to fold in the tertiary structure. What are they?
- ___________ bonds: form between _________ charged O and ________ charged H on 2 R groups.
- ___________ interactions: 2 __________ R groups clump together to avoid water. eg. the amino acid ________
- __________ bridge: if 2 R groups contain ________, they will form a ________ bond.
- _______ bond: if 2 amino acids have _______ charged R groups, they will form this.
Hydrogen, negatively, positively,
Hydrophobic, non-polar
Disulfide, sulfur, covalent, cysteine
Ionic, oppositely
_____________ structures are only found in proteins made of ______ or more polypeptide chains.
Quaternary, two
The bond that attaches a phosphate group to C3 and C5 is called a ______________ bond. What kind of bond attaches the bases?
phosphodiester, hydrogen
The ____________ (powerhouse of a cell) needs _______. It carries out ________ reactions that produce an energy carrying molecule called _____. Folds of the inner membrane that allow for more SA are called _______.
mitochondria, oxygen, metabolic, ATP, cristae
___________ carry out photosynthesis and plant _______ that colour the plant are found here.
Chloroplasts, pigment
____________ is a system of interconncetd proteins that provide cell struc, hold organelles in place, aid in division, etc.
cytoskeleton.
The cell membrane is made of the __________ bilayer. Every single cell has it. The ______ heads are in contact with water on both sides, never between the ______.
phospholipid, polar, tails
The phospholipid bilayer is in the _______ state. If a cell wants the membrane to be less fluid, add more ___________ fat. To be more fluid, add more ___________ fat (more spaces).
liquid, saturated, unsaturated
The _________ fit model is a model of enzyme activity that describes how an enzyme changes ______ to accomodate a substrate.
induced, shape
A co-factor is a non-_______ atom or molecule that binds to an _______ and is essential for catalytic activity. They are often metals such as Mg and ____. For example, an enzyme essential for making a chem pathway in mitochondria requires a _________ cofactor.
protein, enzyme, Fe, magnesium
