Energy and Metabolism Flashcards
The break down of large complex molecules into smaller ones is called _________. The build up into large molecules is called _______. The sum of these two processes is called ________.
catabolism, anabolism, metabolism
Energy that organisms use to do work comes in many forms, such as light, sound and electricity. All energy forms can be classified as either _________ (energy possessed by moving objects) or __________ (stored energy).
Kinetic, potential
Give examples of kinetic energy. Give examples of potential energy.
Kinetic: boy kicking a soccer ball, spindle fibres moving, heart muscle contracting
Potential: a raised weight, ripe fruit before it falls, diver on top of a diving board
Gravitational potential energy is the __________ between two objects. Chemical potential energy is the attraction of _________ to _________ in a chemical bond.
attraction, electrons, protons
The First Law of Thermodynamics states that the total amount of energy in the universe is _________. Energy can not be _________ or destroyed.
constant, created
Molecules possess stability because of the chemical ________ between their atoms. When atoms form covalent bonds, there is greater _______. However, some bonds are more ________ than others.
binds, stability, stable
Bond energy measures the ________ of a covalent bond. It is equal to the minimum amount of energy required to break one _____ of bonds between two types of atoms. The ________ the bond energy is, the harder it is to break the bond.
stability, mole, higher
Energy is _______ when reactant bonds break and energy is ________ when product bonds form. If the bonds in the products are more stable than the ______, more energy is RELEASED and thus the reaction is _________. If the amount of energy absorbed to break reactant bonds is greater than that used to make product bonds, the reaction is __________.
absorbed, released, reactants, exothermic, endothermic
The overall change in energy that occurs in a reaction is symbolized by ____ and is called a change in _______. Postive H is _________ reaction and negative is ________.
H, enthalpy, endothermic, exothermic
The Second Law of Thermodynamics states that the overall _______ of the universe is always increasing. Entropy is a quantitative value that measures the degree of __________. It increases during any __________ reaction.
Although the universe tends toward _______, living organisms can expend energy is establish and maintain __________ structures. Ex amino acids synthesizing together to form _________.
disorder, orderly, proteins
Chem reactions that help maintain order release waste as ________ energy and by-products of metabolism (______ ________). Thus, the entropy of an organism can _______ while the entropy of the universe _________.
thermal, carbon dioxide, decrease, increase
_________ reactions will occur on its own once it is underway. ______________ need a continual input of energy.
Spontaneous, non-spontaneous
Increase in entropy, exothermic: _________ at all temps (burning wood), endothermic: ________ at high temps (sweat evaporating from skin)
Decrease in entropy, exothermic: __________ at low temps (water freezing), endothermic: ___ ___________ at any temp (formation of diamonds)
spontaneous, spontaneous, spontaneous, non-spontaneous
Some energy is lost in a reaction (increases _________), but the portion not lost that is still there to do work in a system is called _______ _________. It is represented by the symbol _____.
entropy, free energy, G
The change in free energy (delta G) is represented by G final state - G initial state. Reaction with a negative G give ______ free energy, and those with a positive value _______ free energy. Thus, negative is ________ and positive is ____________.
off, absorb, spontaneous, non-spontaneous
-273 degrees Celcius is equal to ______ Kelvin.
zero.
Free energy is ________ energy, Therefore burning paper and using the energy to boil water would be an example of ______ energy. Using it just to be released into the atmosphere is not.
useful, free
Exergonic reactions are ________, release free energy and endergonic reations ___________ free energy (in the products). In which reaction is ATP in the products?
spontaneous, non-spontaneous. ATP is in the products during exergonic
Energy coupling is when exergonic reactions ________ free energy, which is then used to _______ endergonic reactions that require energy. All ___________ reactions are coupled to ___________ reactions. Energy reqruired by and endergonic reaction is ______ than energy released by the coupled reaction.
release, drive, endergonic, exergonic, less
Glucose has too much _________. It is broken down into smaller ______ molecules, each carrying a small amount of _______.
energy, ATP, energy
ATP supples _______ energy to do useful _______ in the body. For example, transport ions, contract muscles, beat cilia
free, work
