Energy and Metabolism Flashcards
The break down of large complex molecules into smaller ones is called _________. The build up into large molecules is called _______. The sum of these two processes is called ________.
catabolism, anabolism, metabolism
Energy that organisms use to do work comes in many forms, such as light, sound and electricity. All energy forms can be classified as either _________ (energy possessed by moving objects) or __________ (stored energy).
Kinetic, potential
Give examples of kinetic energy. Give examples of potential energy.
Kinetic: boy kicking a soccer ball, spindle fibres moving, heart muscle contracting
Potential: a raised weight, ripe fruit before it falls, diver on top of a diving board
Gravitational potential energy is the __________ between two objects. Chemical potential energy is the attraction of _________ to _________ in a chemical bond.
attraction, electrons, protons
The First Law of Thermodynamics states that the total amount of energy in the universe is _________. Energy can not be _________ or destroyed.
constant, created
Molecules possess stability because of the chemical ________ between their atoms. When atoms form covalent bonds, there is greater _______. However, some bonds are more ________ than others.
binds, stability, stable
Bond energy measures the ________ of a covalent bond. It is equal to the minimum amount of energy required to break one _____ of bonds between two types of atoms. The ________ the bond energy is, the harder it is to break the bond.
stability, mole, higher
Energy is _______ when reactant bonds break and energy is ________ when product bonds form. If the bonds in the products are more stable than the ______, more energy is RELEASED and thus the reaction is _________. If the amount of energy absorbed to break reactant bonds is greater than that used to make product bonds, the reaction is __________.
absorbed, released, reactants, exothermic, endothermic
The overall change in energy that occurs in a reaction is symbolized by ____ and is called a change in _______. Postive H is _________ reaction and negative is ________.
H, enthalpy, endothermic, exothermic
The Second Law of Thermodynamics states that the overall _______ of the universe is always increasing. Entropy is a quantitative value that measures the degree of __________. It increases during any __________ reaction.
Although the universe tends toward _______, living organisms can expend energy is establish and maintain __________ structures. Ex amino acids synthesizing together to form _________.
disorder, orderly, proteins
Chem reactions that help maintain order release waste as ________ energy and by-products of metabolism (______ ________). Thus, the entropy of an organism can _______ while the entropy of the universe _________.
thermal, carbon dioxide, decrease, increase
_________ reactions will occur on its own once it is underway. ______________ need a continual input of energy.
Spontaneous, non-spontaneous
Increase in entropy, exothermic: _________ at all temps (burning wood), endothermic: ________ at high temps (sweat evaporating from skin)
Decrease in entropy, exothermic: __________ at low temps (water freezing), endothermic: ___ ___________ at any temp (formation of diamonds)
spontaneous, spontaneous, spontaneous, non-spontaneous
Some energy is lost in a reaction (increases _________), but the portion not lost that is still there to do work in a system is called _______ _________. It is represented by the symbol _____.
entropy, free energy, G
The change in free energy (delta G) is represented by G final state - G initial state. Reaction with a negative G give ______ free energy, and those with a positive value _______ free energy. Thus, negative is ________ and positive is ____________.
off, absorb, spontaneous, non-spontaneous
-273 degrees Celcius is equal to ______ Kelvin.
zero.
Free energy is ________ energy, Therefore burning paper and using the energy to boil water would be an example of ______ energy. Using it just to be released into the atmosphere is not.
useful, free
Exergonic reactions are ________, release free energy and endergonic reations ___________ free energy (in the products). In which reaction is ATP in the products?
spontaneous, non-spontaneous. ATP is in the products during exergonic
Energy coupling is when exergonic reactions ________ free energy, which is then used to _______ endergonic reactions that require energy. All ___________ reactions are coupled to ___________ reactions. Energy reqruired by and endergonic reaction is ______ than energy released by the coupled reaction.
release, drive, endergonic, exergonic, less
Glucose has too much _________. It is broken down into smaller ______ molecules, each carrying a small amount of _______.
energy, ATP, energy
ATP supples _______ energy to do useful _______ in the body. For example, transport ions, contract muscles, beat cilia
free, work
The ___________ of ATP into ADP is a __________ process and releases free _______ which does useful work in the body.
hydrolysis. exergonic, energy
Phosphorylation is the process of attaching a _________ group to an organic molecule resulting in the _______ of free energy, reducing its ________ and therefore making it more active.
phosphate, gain, stability
What happens to electrons in an oxidation reaction? Reduction reaction? (gained/lost?) Thus what is a redox reaction?
Oxidation: lost
Reduction: gained
Redox: transfer of electrons
Good fuel molecules contain a great deal of _________ energy. It is later converted to _______ energy.
In this way, gasoline and glucose both are good fuel bc they have a lot of ________ in the form on C-H bonds
Electrons farther away from the nucleus have more chemical energy. Why?
It takes chemical energy to move up energy levels
Our food must undergo which chemical reaction for us to obtain energy? In this way, food is a ________ agent.
oxidation. Food is a reducing agent
Reducing and oxidizing agents do not care about ________, they care about other people! So, an oxidizing agent, causes _______, but itself is _________.
themselves, oxidizing agent oxidizes, but itself is reduced
Be familiar with this diagram of a chloroplast. What is the diff between stroma and lumen?
Stroma is the inside of a chloroplast. Lumen is the inside of a thylakoid.
What is the difference between the action and absorption spectrum?
Absorption spectrum indicates wavelengths of light absorbed by each pigment.
Action spectrum indicates the overall rate of photosynthesis at each wavelength of light
Knowing that colours reflect light, why is chlorophyll A darker than chlorophyll B?
Chlorophyll A reflects more blue light, therefore it appears darker than B
What is the final thing that receives an excited electron? Where passed along?
Primary electron acceptor. It is passed along an electron transport chain.
