Energy and Metabolism Flashcards
The break down of large complex molecules into smaller ones is called _________. The build up into large molecules is called _______. The sum of these two processes is called ________.
catabolism, anabolism, metabolism
Energy that organisms use to do work comes in many forms, such as light, sound and electricity. All energy forms can be classified as either _________ (energy possessed by moving objects) or __________ (stored energy).
Kinetic, potential
Give examples of kinetic energy. Give examples of potential energy.
Kinetic: boy kicking a soccer ball, spindle fibres moving, heart muscle contracting
Potential: a raised weight, ripe fruit before it falls, diver on top of a diving board
Gravitational potential energy is the __________ between two objects. Chemical potential energy is the attraction of _________ to _________ in a chemical bond.
attraction, electrons, protons
The First Law of Thermodynamics states that the total amount of energy in the universe is _________. Energy can not be _________ or destroyed.
constant, created
Molecules possess stability because of the chemical ________ between their atoms. When atoms form covalent bonds, there is greater _______. However, some bonds are more ________ than others.
binds, stability, stable
Bond energy measures the ________ of a covalent bond. It is equal to the minimum amount of energy required to break one _____ of bonds between two types of atoms. The ________ the bond energy is, the harder it is to break the bond.
stability, mole, higher
Energy is _______ when reactant bonds break and energy is ________ when product bonds form. If the bonds in the products are more stable than the ______, more energy is RELEASED and thus the reaction is _________. If the amount of energy absorbed to break reactant bonds is greater than that used to make product bonds, the reaction is __________.
absorbed, released, reactants, exothermic, endothermic
The overall change in energy that occurs in a reaction is symbolized by ____ and is called a change in _______. Postive H is _________ reaction and negative is ________.
H, enthalpy, endothermic, exothermic
The Second Law of Thermodynamics states that the overall _______ of the universe is always increasing. Entropy is a quantitative value that measures the degree of __________. It increases during any __________ reaction.
Although the universe tends toward _______, living organisms can expend energy is establish and maintain __________ structures. Ex amino acids synthesizing together to form _________.
disorder, orderly, proteins
Chem reactions that help maintain order release waste as ________ energy and by-products of metabolism (______ ________). Thus, the entropy of an organism can _______ while the entropy of the universe _________.
thermal, carbon dioxide, decrease, increase
_________ reactions will occur on its own once it is underway. ______________ need a continual input of energy.
Spontaneous, non-spontaneous
Increase in entropy, exothermic: _________ at all temps (burning wood), endothermic: ________ at high temps (sweat evaporating from skin)
Decrease in entropy, exothermic: __________ at low temps (water freezing), endothermic: ___ ___________ at any temp (formation of diamonds)
spontaneous, spontaneous, spontaneous, non-spontaneous
Some energy is lost in a reaction (increases _________), but the portion not lost that is still there to do work in a system is called _______ _________. It is represented by the symbol _____.
entropy, free energy, G
The change in free energy (delta G) is represented by G final state - G initial state. Reaction with a negative G give ______ free energy, and those with a positive value _______ free energy. Thus, negative is ________ and positive is ____________.
off, absorb, spontaneous, non-spontaneous
-273 degrees Celcius is equal to ______ Kelvin.
zero.
Free energy is ________ energy, Therefore burning paper and using the energy to boil water would be an example of ______ energy. Using it just to be released into the atmosphere is not.
useful, free
Exergonic reactions are ________, release free energy and endergonic reations ___________ free energy (in the products). In which reaction is ATP in the products?
spontaneous, non-spontaneous. ATP is in the products during exergonic
Energy coupling is when exergonic reactions ________ free energy, which is then used to _______ endergonic reactions that require energy. All ___________ reactions are coupled to ___________ reactions. Energy reqruired by and endergonic reaction is ______ than energy released by the coupled reaction.
release, drive, endergonic, exergonic, less
Glucose has too much _________. It is broken down into smaller ______ molecules, each carrying a small amount of _______.
energy, ATP, energy
ATP supples _______ energy to do useful _______ in the body. For example, transport ions, contract muscles, beat cilia
free, work
The ___________ of ATP into ADP is a __________ process and releases free _______ which does useful work in the body.
hydrolysis. exergonic, energy
Phosphorylation is the process of attaching a _________ group to an organic molecule resulting in the _______ of free energy, reducing its ________ and therefore making it more active.
phosphate, gain, stability
What happens to electrons in an oxidation reaction? Reduction reaction? (gained/lost?) Thus what is a redox reaction?
Oxidation: lost
Reduction: gained
Redox: transfer of electrons
Good fuel molecules contain a great deal of _________ energy. It is later converted to _______ energy.
In this way, gasoline and glucose both are good fuel bc they have a lot of ________ in the form on C-H bonds
Electrons farther away from the nucleus have more chemical energy. Why?
It takes chemical energy to move up energy levels
Our food must undergo which chemical reaction for us to obtain energy? In this way, food is a ________ agent.
oxidation. Food is a reducing agent
Reducing and oxidizing agents do not care about ________, they care about other people! So, an oxidizing agent, causes _______, but itself is _________.
themselves, oxidizing agent oxidizes, but itself is reduced
What is a dehydrogenase?
An enzyme that oxidizes a substrate and transfers electrons to energy carriers
What are energy carriers?
Small molecules that readily cycle between oxidized and reduced forms and are used to transport electrons
NAD+ is an electron carrier. it is reduced to NADH by gaining 2 _______ and one H_ (+/-). NADH is ________ (gaining/losing) energy.
2 electrons, H+, gaining
What is aerobic respiration? What is the difference between an obligate aerobe and anaerobe?
Process that uses oxygen to use energy from organic compounds. Aerobes cannot live without oxygen, anaerobes can!
What are the 4 stages of cellular respiration?
glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain
What is the overall equation of cellular respiration?
Glucose + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water
Which step of cellular respiration occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane? A majority of what is made?
Electron transport chain
What two steps of cellular respiration occur in the matrix (middle) of the mitochondria?
citric acid cycle and pyruvate oxidation
Glycolysis breaks down ________. Does it require oxygen?
glucose, NO OXYGEN REQUIRED
In step 3 of glycolysis, ATP is broken down by an allosteric enzyme. What does allosteric mean?
Allosteric indicates the enzyme changes its shape to accommodate the substrate
Reaction 5 of glycolysis includes the interchanging between ______ and _____ bc they are isomers of each other. Eventually they all become ______.
G3P, DHAP, G3P
The final products of glycolysis are the 3 2s. What are they?
NADH, ATP, Pyruvate
Pyruvate is originally 3 ______. During pyruvate oxidation, a _______ group is snipped off of ______. It is released as ____.
carbons, carboxyl, pyruvate, CO2
During pyruvate oxidation, a 2-carbon molecule is ________ and its electrons are picked up by NAD+ to form ______.
oxidized, NADH
The oxidized 2 carbon molecule is an ______ group. It attaches to Coenzyme A (CoA), a molecule derived from vitamin ___5 to form acetyl CoA
Acetyl CoA is sometimes called a carrier molecule. Its job is to carry ______ to the citric acid cycle.
acetyl group
All reactions in the citric acid cycle are _______ and occur in the _____ of the mitochondria.
exergonic, matrix
Reactions 3 and 4 of the citric acid cycle are coupled, _______ reactions. They loose a carboxyl group, and this is called _____________.
redox, decarboxylation
The Krebs cycle produces ___ ATP, ___ NADH, ___ FADH2, CO2 for every glucose. This entails ___ turns of the Krebs cycle.
2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH, 4 CO2, 2 TURNS
The reduced electron carriers made in the citric acid cycle carry their _______ to the ______ _______ ________. There, most of the ATP is synthesized via _________ ___________.
electrons, electron transport chain, oxidative phosphorylation
At the beginning of the citric acid cycle, 4-carbon acceptor molecule, _________ combines with Acetyl CoA to form ______. (6 carbons)
oxaloacetate, citrate
In the ETC, NADH is oxidized by complex 1 and looses ___ electrons. Complex 1 has a higher ____________ than NADH.
2 electrons, electronegativity
The free energy released by the movement of electrons in the ETC is used to actively transport ____ from the matrix to the ____________ space.
H+, inter membrane
Oxygen takes the last e- from complex ____ so that the cycle can repeat.
complex 4
H+ comes back through a channel protein called ATP __________. This diffusion from high to low is __________ (ender/ exer) and drives the synthesis of ATP
synthase, exergonic
For each NADH oxidized via the ETC, ____ ATP are made. For each FADH2, _____ ATP are made.
NADH - 3, FADH2 -2
Only _______ cell have the ability to transfer 2 NADH into the ____________ without converting them to FADH2 first. (2 x ___ ATP for muscle cells, 2 x __ ATP for all other cells)
muscle, mitochondria, 3, 2
Cyanide is _______. It binds to the complex ____ of ETC and prevents cells from using ______.
deadly, complex 4, oxygen
_____ and _____ are allosteric inhibitors and glycolysis. If either of their levels are too ______, which allosteric enzyme slows glycolysis down?
ATP and citrate, high, phosphofructokinase
ADP is an allosteric ________ is glycolysis that stimulates ____________ (the enzyme) to make more ATP
activator, phosphofructokinase
What is beta-oxidation?
process by which fatty acids break down into Acetyl-CoA which can enter the Krebs cycle
_________ is produced during lactic acid fermentation. Why?
Lactate. Oxygen being supplied to the mitochondria is not enough to meet every demands
Lactic acid fermentation usually happens during _______.
excersize
During lactic acid Ferm, glycolysis is happening so fast that excess ______ is made. This excess is made right into _______. This oxidizes NADH into NAD_, a carrier used to maintain a high rate of ________.
During lactic acid Ferm, glycolysis is happening so fast that excess pyruvate is made. This excess is made right into lactate. This oxidizes NADH into NAD+, a carrier used to maintain a high rate of glycolysis.
What are the two stages of photosynthesis? Where do they occur?
- Light-dependant reactions: occurs in the thylakoid of a chloroplast
- Calvin cycle: occurs in stroma of chloroplast
Be familiar with this diagram of a chloroplast. What is the diff between stroma and lumen?
Stroma is the inside of a chloroplast. Lumen is the inside of a thylakoid.
Breaking news: a photon has been absorbed by an excitable electron on an atom that is apart of a pigment. As it moves from a low energy level to a high? What are its three fates?
- electron returns to ground state by emitting light at lower wavelength (fluorescence)
- electron returns to ground state and energy is transferred to a diff pigment
- excited state electron itself is transferred to a nearby primary electron acceptor
What is the difference between the action and absorption spectrum?
Absorption spectrum indicates wavelengths of light absorbed by each pigment.
Action spectrum indicates the overall rate of photosynthesis at each wavelength of light
The colour of a pigment tells you the colour it ______ NOT absorbs. Therefore, things that appear white ______ everything.
reflect, white reflects everything!
Knowing that colours reflect light, why is chlorophyll A darker than chlorophyll B?
Chlorophyll A reflects more blue light, therefore it appears darker than B
What are photosynthetic pigments? where are they found and how many are in each group?
Organic molecules w the ability to absorb energy from the sun. found in thylakoids in groups of 300-400
what are groups of thylakoids w photosynthetic pigments called?
antenna complex
During photosynthesis, how does chlorophyll a donate an excited electron? Who does it go to?
Chlorophyll a is oxidized. It goes to the primary electron acceptor
Accessory pigments, also known as the ________ ________ are made up of which two pigments.
antenna complex, made up of chlorophyll b and carotenoids
Accessory pigments transfer excitation energy from light to _________ in the ______ centre.
chlorophyll a, reaction centre
The antenna complex that its found in every photosystem is also called what?
Light harvesting complex
What is the final thing that receives an excited electron? Where passed along?
Primary electron acceptor. It is passed along an electron transport chain.
