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Final Review > Genetics Final Exam Review > Flashcards

Genetics Final Exam Review Flashcards

1
Q

What is an example of a heterozygous genotype?

A

Aa or XAXa

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2
Q

What are the 3 generations of a genetics experiment?

A

P, F1 and F2

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3
Q

These are the characteristics of P generation organisms.

A

P gen are purebreds for opposite alleles.

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4
Q

This generation is the offspring of the P gen.

A

F1

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5
Q

This generation is the offspring of the F1 gen.

A

F2

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6
Q

A gene that is autosomal is located on:

A

normal body chromosomes called autosomes.

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7
Q

T or F: autosomes determine gender

A

False, sex chromosomes do.

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8
Q

An example of a homozygous genotype is this.

A

BB, bb, XBXB or XbXb

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9
Q

This is the gene combination that determines your traits.

A

Genotype

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10
Q

This is the physical expression of your genes.

A

Phenotype

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11
Q

Describe a diploid cell.

A

A diploid cell has 2 sets of chromosomes, 44 autosomes, 2 sex chromosomes and a total number of 46 chromosomes.

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12
Q

This means 2 genes that are different.

A

Heterozygous, Bb for example.

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13
Q

This means 2 identical alleles.

A

Homozygous, bb for example.

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14
Q

What is a gamete?

A

Sex cell - sperm and eggs are examples

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15
Q

How is a gamete different than a body cell?

A

A gamete is haploid, it has 1 set of chromosomes, 22 autosomes and only 1 sex chromosome for a total of 23. A body cell is diploid, has 2 sets of chromosomes, 44 of which are autosomes and 2 sex chromosomes for a total of 46.

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16
Q

What were the 2 lab question for the Fruit Fly Project?

A
  1. Which allele is dominant, red or white?

2. Is the eye color gene sex linked or autosomal?

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17
Q

Which eye color is recessive in fruit flies? Dominant?

A

White is recessive and red is dominant.

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18
Q

What is the purpose of Chi Square analysis?

A

Chi squares are used to see if data is statistically valid or not.

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19
Q

What are the characteristics of a MALE fruit fly?

A

Smaller, dark posterior, blunt lower abdomen with a bristly clasper plate and sex combs on the front legs

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20
Q

What was the result of the Fly Project?

A

Red is dominant and the eye color gene is sex linked.

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21
Q

What is genetic engineering?

A

The process of manipulating DNA in the lab.

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22
Q

What is selective breeding?

A

Purposely mating organisms to get desired traits in their offspring.

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23
Q

This bring like characteristics together.

A

Inbreeding

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24
Q

This bring unlike characteristics together.

A

Hybridization

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25
Q

What are 2 examples of selective breeding?

A

Hybridization and Inbreeding

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26
Q

What is recombinant DNA?

A

Combining DNA from different sources.

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27
Q

What do restriction enzymes do?

A

Cut DNA along specific sites known as palindromes.

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28
Q

When making recombinant DNA, what kind of restriction enzymes should be used to cut each piece?

A

You must use the same enzyme to cut each piece to make complimentary sticky ends.

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29
Q

What is the purpose of a Punnett Square?

A

A Punnett square predict PROBABLE outcomes of a genetic cross.

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30
Q

The benefit of cycle sequencing is this.

A

Identifying the sequence of an organisms DNA allows you to study specific genes.

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31
Q

Why does DNA travels to the positive end of a gel?

A

It is negatively charged.

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32
Q

What is the purpose of gel electrophoresis?

A

Electrophoresis sorts DNA fragments by length.

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33
Q

During electrophoresis, why do bands move at different speeds?

A

Small fragments are faster and move to the end of the gel before the larger, slower fragments.

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34
Q

What is the purpose of PCR?

A

Copies DNA

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35
Q

What is the purpose of Cycle Sequencing?

A

Reads or Decodes DNA.

36
Q

How are the dideoxynucleotides used in Cycle sequencing different that normal nucleotides?

A

Dideoxynucleotides are color coded, can one covalently bond in one direction and form the end of fragments.

37
Q

What is a genetic marker?

A

A gene that allows scientists to sort transformed organisms from non-transformed ones.

38
Q

What is arabinose?

A

This is a sugar that activates the GFP gene.

39
Q

What is LB?

A

Food for E.coli

40
Q

What is the purpose of the beta-lactamase protein?

A

It is used to make E.Coli resistant to the antibiotic, ampicillin.

41
Q

What is the original source of the GFP gene?

A

Certain jelly fish carry the GFP gene and glow fluorescent green.

42
Q

Why were the E.coli in certain plates of the Bacterial Transformation lab considered to be “transformed”?

A

They took up the recombinant pGLO plasmid.

43
Q

Why did the plasmid in the clear vial NOT glow when exposed to U.V. light?

A

It is only the instructions for the glowing protein, not the protein itself.

44
Q

Which gene did arabinose control?

A

GFP gene

45
Q

What is nondisjunction?

A

When chromosomes fail to separate properly during either meiosis I or II.

46
Q

How is the X chromosome different than the Y?

A

The X chromosome is larger, contains vital genes for normal development and is found in both males and females.

47
Q

What makes an organism a male?

A

The presence of a Y chromosome, despite how many X’s are present.

48
Q

What sex chromosomes are found in normal egg cells?

In normal sperm?

A

Eggs carry on X chromosome.

Sperm cells carry either the X or the Y.

49
Q

What is a pedigree?

A

A family chart showing how a gene has been passed.

50
Q

What is a karyotype?

A

An organized picture of chromosomes.

51
Q

How are males represented in a pedigree? Females?

A

Males are represented by a square, females by a circle.

52
Q

How are carriers represented in a pedigree?

A

Half shaded

53
Q

What do carriers indicate about a gene.

A

The gene is recessive.

54
Q

What do male carriers in a pedigree indicate about a gene?

A

The gene is autosomal and recessive.

55
Q

What is evidence in a pedigree that the gene is sex linked?

A

Males who express a recessive gene with fathers that are purebred dominant. (In other words, their dad gives them a Y chromosome rather than a dominant gene to cover up the bad recessive allele from mom.)

56
Q

What problems can be seen in a karyotype?

A

An extra or missing chromosome.

57
Q

How many autosomes are found in a normal human karyotype? Sex chromosomes?

A

44, 2

58
Q

What is the genetic root of Sickle Cell Disease?

A

Co-dominant

59
Q

Why are red blood cells (RBCs) crescent shaped in Sickle Cell Disease?

A

Mutated hemoglobin produces low oxygen conditions and this changes the shape of the RBCs.

60
Q

What gene is associated with Li-Fraumeni syndrome?

A

Tp53 gene

61
Q

How does the Tp53 gene work?

A

When expressed, it produces a protein that binds to cell cycle genes to stop the bad cell from dividing.

62
Q

What is the difference between germline and somatic mutations?

A

Germline mutations are inherited, somatic mutation are acquired during your lifetime.

63
Q

What are the 3 criteria for Li-Fraumeni syndrome?

A

Sarcoma patient
2 immediate relatives with multiple cancers before 45
Many types of cancer within the family

64
Q

What is an antigen?

A

Protein found on the surface of RBCs that determine your blood type.

65
Q

Why would a person initiate an immune response to a blood transfusion?

A

Antibodies are produced by the immune system when the body encounters unfamiliar antigens when a person gets the wrong type of blood.

66
Q

Why is O- the universal donor?

A

It carries no threatening antigens for any blood type.

67
Q

Why is AB+ the universal recipient?

A

It produces no antibodies.

68
Q

During blood typing, Anti A is added to a sample of blood and no clumping occurs. What does this mean?

A

The person does not have the A antigen.

69
Q

What is PKU?

A

PKU is a recessive genetic disorder in which a person lacks the enzyme needed to break down phenylalanine.

70
Q

What is Down’s Syndrome?

A

Down’s is a genetic disorder in which a person has 3 copies of chromosome 21, due to nondisjunction.

71
Q

What is Hemophilia?

A

Hemophilia is a sex linked recessive bleeding disorder caused by the inability to properly clot blood.

72
Q

What is Albinism?

A

Albinism is an autosomal recessive disorder in which a person cannot produce proper amounts of melanin.

73
Q

What is Klinefelter’s syndrome?

A

Males carry 2 X chromosomes and a Y due to nondisjunction.

74
Q

What is Turner’s syndrome?

A

Females are born with only 1 X chromosome due to nondisjunction.

75
Q

Why are F1 females a good indicator of dominance?

A

They are always hybrids and will express only the dominant allele.

76
Q

What is the ultimate source of genetic variability?

A

Mutations

77
Q

The place where a restriction enzyme cuts a strand of DNA is called this.

A

Restriction Site

78
Q

What is the purpose of Taq polymerase?

A

Taq binds nucleotides to the DNA template.

79
Q

What do primers do during PCR?

A

The indicate where replication should begin.

80
Q

If a person has type A blood, what genotypes might they have?

A

IAi, or IAIA

81
Q

What is the genetic root of red-green color blindness?

A

Sex linked recessive

82
Q

When does nondisjunction occur?

A

Either in Meiosis I or II

83
Q

On what characteristic does DNA fingerprinting depend?

A

Humans have varying numbers of repeat segments of junk DNA between their important genes.

84
Q

What was the Human Genome Project?

A

This project sequenced the entire collection of human DNA.

85
Q

Which blood allele is recessive?

A

O (i)

Final Review (3 decks)

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