Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Final Review > Genetics Final Exam Review > Flashcards

Genetics Final Exam Review Flashcards

1
Q

What is an example of a heterozygous genotype?

A

Aa or XAXa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the 3 generations of a genetics experiment?

A

P, F1 and F2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

These are the characteristics of P generation organisms.

A

P gen are purebreds for opposite alleles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

This generation is the offspring of the P gen.

A

F1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

This generation is the offspring of the F1 gen.

A

F2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

A gene that is autosomal is located on:

A

normal body chromosomes called autosomes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

T or F: autosomes determine gender

A

False, sex chromosomes do.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

An example of a homozygous genotype is this.

A

BB, bb, XBXB or XbXb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

This is the gene combination that determines your traits.

A

Genotype

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

This is the physical expression of your genes.

A

Phenotype

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Describe a diploid cell.

A

A diploid cell has 2 sets of chromosomes, 44 autosomes, 2 sex chromosomes and a total number of 46 chromosomes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

This means 2 genes that are different.

A

Heterozygous, Bb for example.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

This means 2 identical alleles.

A

Homozygous, bb for example.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is a gamete?

A

Sex cell - sperm and eggs are examples

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How is a gamete different than a body cell?

A

A gamete is haploid, it has 1 set of chromosomes, 22 autosomes and only 1 sex chromosome for a total of 23. A body cell is diploid, has 2 sets of chromosomes, 44 of which are autosomes and 2 sex chromosomes for a total of 46.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What were the 2 lab question for the Fruit Fly Project?

A
  1. Which allele is dominant, red or white?

2. Is the eye color gene sex linked or autosomal?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Which eye color is recessive in fruit flies? Dominant?

A

White is recessive and red is dominant.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the purpose of Chi Square analysis?

A

Chi squares are used to see if data is statistically valid or not.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the characteristics of a MALE fruit fly?

A

Smaller, dark posterior, blunt lower abdomen with a bristly clasper plate and sex combs on the front legs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What was the result of the Fly Project?

A

Red is dominant and the eye color gene is sex linked.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is genetic engineering?

A

The process of manipulating DNA in the lab.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is selective breeding?

A

Purposely mating organisms to get desired traits in their offspring.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

This bring like characteristics together.

A

Inbreeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

This bring unlike characteristics together.

A

Hybridization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What are 2 examples of selective breeding?
Hybridization and Inbreeding
26
What is recombinant DNA?
Combining DNA from different sources.
27
What do restriction enzymes do?
Cut DNA along specific sites known as palindromes.
28
When making recombinant DNA, what kind of restriction enzymes should be used to cut each piece?
You must use the same enzyme to cut each piece to make complimentary sticky ends.
29
What is the purpose of a Punnett Square?
A Punnett square predict PROBABLE outcomes of a genetic cross.
30
The benefit of cycle sequencing is this.
Identifying the sequence of an organisms DNA allows you to study specific genes.
31
Why does DNA travels to the positive end of a gel?
It is negatively charged.
32
What is the purpose of gel electrophoresis?
Electrophoresis sorts DNA fragments by length.
33
During electrophoresis, why do bands move at different speeds?
Small fragments are faster and move to the end of the gel before the larger, slower fragments.
34
What is the purpose of PCR?
Copies DNA
35
What is the purpose of Cycle Sequencing?
Reads or Decodes DNA.
36
How are the dideoxynucleotides used in Cycle sequencing different that normal nucleotides?
Dideoxynucleotides are color coded, can one covalently bond in one direction and form the end of fragments.
37
What is a genetic marker?
A gene that allows scientists to sort transformed organisms from non-transformed ones.
38
What is arabinose?
This is a sugar that activates the GFP gene.
39
What is LB?
Food for E.coli
40
What is the purpose of the beta-lactamase protein?
It is used to make E.Coli resistant to the antibiotic, ampicillin.
41
What is the original source of the GFP gene?
Certain jelly fish carry the GFP gene and glow fluorescent green.
42
Why were the E.coli in certain plates of the Bacterial Transformation lab considered to be "transformed"?
They took up the recombinant pGLO plasmid.
43
Why did the plasmid in the clear vial NOT glow when exposed to U.V. light?
It is only the instructions for the glowing protein, not the protein itself.
44
Which gene did arabinose control?
GFP gene
45
What is nondisjunction?
When chromosomes fail to separate properly during either meiosis I or II.
46
How is the X chromosome different than the Y?
The X chromosome is larger, contains vital genes for normal development and is found in both males and females.
47
What makes an organism a male?
The presence of a Y chromosome, despite how many X's are present.
48
What sex chromosomes are found in normal egg cells? | In normal sperm?
Eggs carry on X chromosome. | Sperm cells carry either the X or the Y.
49
What is a pedigree?
A family chart showing how a gene has been passed.
50
What is a karyotype?
An organized picture of chromosomes.
51
How are males represented in a pedigree? Females?
Males are represented by a square, females by a circle.
52
How are carriers represented in a pedigree?
Half shaded
53
What do carriers indicate about a gene.
The gene is recessive.
54
What do male carriers in a pedigree indicate about a gene?
The gene is autosomal and recessive.
55
What is evidence in a pedigree that the gene is sex linked?
Males who express a recessive gene with fathers that are purebred dominant. (In other words, their dad gives them a Y chromosome rather than a dominant gene to cover up the bad recessive allele from mom.)
56
What problems can be seen in a karyotype?
An extra or missing chromosome.
57
How many autosomes are found in a normal human karyotype? Sex chromosomes?
44, 2
58
What is the genetic root of Sickle Cell Disease?
Co-dominant
59
Why are red blood cells (RBCs) crescent shaped in Sickle Cell Disease?
Mutated hemoglobin produces low oxygen conditions and this changes the shape of the RBCs.
60
What gene is associated with Li-Fraumeni syndrome?
Tp53 gene
61
How does the Tp53 gene work?
When expressed, it produces a protein that binds to cell cycle genes to stop the bad cell from dividing.
62
What is the difference between germline and somatic mutations?
Germline mutations are inherited, somatic mutation are acquired during your lifetime.
63
What are the 3 criteria for Li-Fraumeni syndrome?
Sarcoma patient 2 immediate relatives with multiple cancers before 45 Many types of cancer within the family
64
What is an antigen?
Protein found on the surface of RBCs that determine your blood type.
65
Why would a person initiate an immune response to a blood transfusion?
Antibodies are produced by the immune system when the body encounters unfamiliar antigens when a person gets the wrong type of blood.
66
Why is O- the universal donor?
It carries no threatening antigens for any blood type.
67
Why is AB+ the universal recipient?
It produces no antibodies.
68
During blood typing, Anti A is added to a sample of blood and no clumping occurs. What does this mean?
The person does not have the A antigen.
69
What is PKU?
PKU is a recessive genetic disorder in which a person lacks the enzyme needed to break down phenylalanine.
70
What is Down's Syndrome?
Down's is a genetic disorder in which a person has 3 copies of chromosome 21, due to nondisjunction.
71
What is Hemophilia?
Hemophilia is a sex linked recessive bleeding disorder caused by the inability to properly clot blood.
72
What is Albinism?
Albinism is an autosomal recessive disorder in which a person cannot produce proper amounts of melanin.
73
What is Klinefelter's syndrome?
Males carry 2 X chromosomes and a Y due to nondisjunction.
74
What is Turner's syndrome?
Females are born with only 1 X chromosome due to nondisjunction.
75
Why are F1 females a good indicator of dominance?
They are always hybrids and will express only the dominant allele.
76
What is the ultimate source of genetic variability?
Mutations
77
The place where a restriction enzyme cuts a strand of DNA is called this.
Restriction Site
78
What is the purpose of Taq polymerase?
Taq binds nucleotides to the DNA template.
79
What do primers do during PCR?
The indicate where replication should begin.
80
If a person has type A blood, what genotypes might they have?
IAi, or IAIA
81
What is the genetic root of red-green color blindness?
Sex linked recessive
82
When does nondisjunction occur?
Either in Meiosis I or II
83
On what characteristic does DNA fingerprinting depend?
Humans have varying numbers of repeat segments of junk DNA between their important genes.
84
What was the Human Genome Project?
This project sequenced the entire collection of human DNA.
85
Which blood allele is recessive?
O (i)

Final Review (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions