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Final Review > Biology 2nd Semester Final Review > Flashcards

Biology 2nd Semester Final Review Flashcards

1
Q

This step of aerobic respiration produces more ATP than all others combined.

A

Electron Transport Chain

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2
Q

This is the equation for cellular respiration.

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 –> 6H2O + 6 CO2 (plus ATP!)

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3
Q

Glycolysis provides the cell with a NET gain of this many ATP.

A

2

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4
Q

These are the 5 reactants used by glycolysis in order to make pyruvate.

A 
Glucose
ATP
Inorganic Phosphates
NAD+
ADP
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5
Q

This is the purpose of lactic acid fermentation.

A

To release NAD+ during low O2 conditions in order to keep glycolysis running.

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6
Q

These are the products of cellular respiration.

A

water, carbon dioxide, and ATP

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7
Q

These are the reactants of cellular respiration.

A

glucose and oxygen

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8
Q

These are the 2 electron carriers of cellular respiration.

A

NAD+ ( NADH) and FAD (FADH2)

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9
Q

T or F? Plants AND animals both carry out cellular respiration.

A

TRUE! They both need ATP - All living things do!!

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10
Q

Glycolysis occurs in this area of the cell.

A

Cytoplasm

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11
Q

This material is used as the original starting material for glycolysis.

A

Glucose

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12
Q

These are the 2 types of fermentation

A

Lactic Acid & Alcohol Fermentation

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13
Q

What type of respiration is considered to be ANaerobic?

A

Fermentation

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14
Q

This gas is produced during alcohol fermentation.

A

CO2

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15
Q

This gas is essential for aerobic respiration.

A

oxygen (O2)

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16
Q

These are the 4 steps of cellular respiration in order.

A

Glycolysis, Converting Pyruvate, Kreb’s Cycle & ETC

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17
Q

Cell division solves the problem of DNA overload because . . .

A

Daughter cells will get their own copy of DNA that can efficiently handle their smaller size.

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18
Q

This is what happens to volume and surface area of a cell as it grows.

A

Volume increases at a faster rate than surface area.

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19
Q

The process that makes 2 identical daughter cells from one original cell is called this.

A

Cell division - which includes mitosis and cytokinesis

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20
Q

Transportation of materials across the cell membrane can become a problem for this size of cell.

A

Large

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21
Q

Very large cells do these 3 things.

A

Place a greater demand on DNA.
Use food and O2 more quickly.
Have issues transporting across cell membrane.

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22
Q

These are the 4 phases of MITOSIS, in order.

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

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23
Q

This is the only part of the cell cycle when CHROMOSOMES are visible.

A

Mitosis - other times they are in the form of chromatin and inside a nucleus.

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24
Q

This is a series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide.

A

Cell Cycle

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25
Q

This is the stage where a cell’s DNA is replicated.

A

“S” phase of Interphase

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26
Q

These are the 3 steps of interphase, in order.

A

G1, S, G2

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27
Q

This is a period of growth & maturity for cells. DNA is also copied during this time.

A

Interphase

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28
Q

This process immediately follows interphase.

A

Mitosis

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29
Q

This phase immediately follows mitosis.

A

Cytokinesis

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30
Q

Have you memorized and do you understand the cell cycle chart on page 245?

A

Yes? Good for you! : )

No? Get to Work! : (

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31
Q

During cytokinesis, plant cells form this structure between 2 new daughter cells.

A

Cell Plate

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32
Q

During cytokinesis, animal cells form this structure between 2 new daughter cells.

A

Cleavage Furrow

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33
Q

This is the amount of chromosomes in daughter cells as compared to the original parent cell.

A

The amount should be exactly the same.

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34
Q

When crossing tall F1 plants, the height of their offspring should be this.

A

Mostly tall (approx. 75%) but some short (approx. 25%).

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35
Q

A true breeding organism can also be called this.

A

Purebred or homozygous

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36
Q

When crossing P generation organisms, the offspring are usually this.

A

Hybrids or heterozyguous

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37
Q

If the offspring of true-breeding tall and short plants are tall, it means this allele is dominant.

A

Tall

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38
Q

This principal states that some alleles are dominant while others are recessive.

A

The Principle of Dominance

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39
Q

What Mendel called “factors” are now called this.

A

Genes

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40
Q

Parents usually only give their child ONE of their paired genes because of this event.

A

Segregation

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41
Q

Mendel determined that an offspring’s traits are this.

A

Inherited from parent through the passing of “factors”.

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42
Q

This is the % of F2 organisms that are expected to express the dominant allele.

A

75%

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43
Q

True or False? F1 organisms have a different phenotype than either of their parents but have the same genotype as one of their parents.

A

False - just the opposite. They will look like their dominant parent but will have a different geneotype than either one.

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44
Q

This word describes a genotype with 2 identical alleles.

A

Homozygous

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45
Q

Punnett square predict ____________ results but not necessarily ____________ results of a genetic crosses.

A

probable, actual

46
Q

Can you fill out and analyze the phenotypic and genotypic results of a Punnett square?

A

Yes? Good for you! : )

No? Get to Work! : (

47
Q

This word describes gametes because they only have ONE set of chromosomes, not two.

A

Haploid

48
Q

Haploid is abbreviated as ____ while diploid is abbreviated as _____.

A

n, 2n

49
Q

If an organism diploid number is 30, it’s haploid number will be this.

A

15

50
Q

This process produces haploid gametes.

A

Meiosis

51
Q

This is the number of SETS of chromosomes found in sex cells (gametes).

A

ONE set because they are haploid.

52
Q

These are matching chromosomes that carry genes for the same traits. They form tetrads.

A

Homologous chromosomes or Homologs

53
Q

Have you memorized and do you understand the diagrams on pages 276 & 277?

A

Yes? Good for you! : )

No? Get to Work! : (

54
Q

Tetrads form between replicated homologs. What is this process called when they swap genes?

A

Cross-over

55
Q

The purpose of cross-over is this.

A

Genetic diversity

56
Q

These are the kind of cells produced by meiosis, but not mitosis.

A

Genetically diverse haploid gametes

57
Q

One viable egg is produced during female meiosis because of this.

A

Uneven division of the cytoplasm. (Most of it goes to one large egg.)

58
Q

These assort independently during meiosis.

A

Chromosomes

59
Q

Why doesn’t cross-over often occur during mitosis?

A

Tetrads rarely form during mitosis.

60
Q

This is the shape of a DNA molecule.

A

Double helix - made of TWO twisted sides.

61
Q

This is the location of the majority of DNA found in eukaryotes.

A

Nucleus

62
Q

These are the 3 components in a nucleotide.

A

Phosphate
Sugar (deoxyribose in DNA & ribose in RNA)
Nitrogen base

63
Q

This nitrogen base is found in DNA but not RNA.

A

Thymine

64
Q

These bonds connect complimentary nucleotides in base pairs.

A

Hydrogen bonds

65
Q

These nitrogen bases have a single ring shape.

A

Pyrimidines, such as cytosine, thymine and uracil

66
Q

Base pairing causes equal quantities of these, as noted by Chargaff.

A

The number of purines = the number of pyrimidines in DNA.

67
Q

What is the process of copying DNA called?

What enzyme is involved?

A

DNA Replication

DNA polymerase

68
Q

During replication, the nucleotides GGATC found in one side of DNA are complimentary to what nucleotides in the other side?

A

CCTAG

69
Q

______ is the sugar found in RNA while _______ is the sugar found in DNA.

A

Ribose, Deoxyribose

70
Q

This nitrogen base is found in RNA but not DNA.

A

Uracil - which is a pyrimidine.

71
Q

Which RNA is used on the chart found on page 303 and how does one read this chart?

A

It’s a codon chart, so you use mRNA. Use the 3 letters of a mRNA codon, begin in the middle & move outward, following the letters.

72
Q

This is where TRANSCRIPTION occurs.

A

Nucleus - because DNA is there.

73
Q

This is the product of TRANSCRIPTION.

A

RNA

74
Q

Proteins form when these “fold” up.

A

Polypeptide chain

75
Q

Protein synthesis makes use of these types of RNA.

A

mRNa
rRNA
tRNA

76
Q

This causes the end of translation.

A

Stop codon

77
Q

The process of a ribosome reading mRNA to assemble polypeptide chains is called this.

A

Translation

78
Q

These are segments of DNA that carry the instructions for building proteins.

A

Genes

79
Q

These geologist influenced Darwin because they estimated the world to be millions of years old, rather than thousands. They also suggested that the Earth was shaped by natural processes.

A

Hutton & Lyell

80
Q

A gene pool is this.

A

All the combined genetic information within a population.

81
Q

Lamarck, incorrectly assumed these 3 things about evolution.

A

The tendency for complexity & perfection
Use & disuse could cause evolution of an organism.
Traits aquired during one’s lifetime could be passed to offspring.

82
Q

Members of a population are all one species, therefore they can do this.

A

Interbreed

83
Q

This is the ability of an organism to survive an reproduce in it’s environment.

A

Fitness

84
Q

Darwin’s theory of evolution depends on these 2 things.

A

Natural Variation

Natural Selection

85
Q

The different species of finches on the Galapagos Islands had this.

A

Common ancestor from South America

86
Q

Natural selection means those individuals that tend to survive have these.

A

Adaptations best suited for their environment.

87
Q

Relative frequency is calculated by doing this.

A

Dividing the occurrence of one ALLELE by the total number of alleles for that trait in gene pool.

88
Q

This process produces the most heritable differences in a population.

A

Gene shuffling

89
Q

These 2 things cause gene shuffling.

A

Independent assortment of chromosomes

Cross-over

90
Q

Speciation is this.

A

The formation of new species from existing ones. The Galapagos finches are good example of this.

91
Q

A type of reproductive isolation in which populations are separated by rivers or mountains is called this.

A

Geographic isolation

92
Q

This occurs when the TIMING of mating seasons separates populations.

A

Temporal isolation

93
Q

Genetic drift is this.

A

RANDOM events causing allele frequencies to change.

94
Q

This type of natural selection means that one end of a range of phenotypes has the advantage over all phenotypes.

A

Directional selection

95
Q

This is the modern definition of evolution.

A

The change in allele frequencies within a population over time.

96
Q

These are traits controlled by more than one gene. Natural selection is more complex in this type of trait.

A

Polygenic traits

97
Q

Purines and pyrimidines have what shapes?

What are examples of each?

A

Purine - 2 ring shape - examples: A & G

Pyrimidine - 1 ring shape - examples: C & T

98
Q

Cellular respiration produces approximately this many ATP’s from 1 glucose.

A

36

99
Q

How many times does the Kreb’s cycle turn for each glucose molecule?

A

2 times

100
Q

These are the 3 main products of glycolysis.

A

ATP, NADH, and pyruvate

101
Q

This is the benefit of fermentation.

A

It produces NAD+ for glycolysis.

102
Q

This is the purpose of the Kreb’s cycle.

A

To make full electron carriers (NADH & FADH2)for the ETC.

103
Q

This is the location of aerobic respiration.

A

Mitochondria

104
Q

This is what happens to the Surface Area : Volume ratio as a cell grows in size.

A

The ratio shrinks.

105
Q

This is the function of centrioles.

A

They anchor into the cytoplasm & help with cell division.

106
Q

Hydrogen bonds are located here in DNA.

A

These weak bonds are found across the molecule, holding base pairs together.

107
Q

Covalent bonds are located here in DNA.

A

These STRONG bonds connect the nucleotides running down each side of DNA.

108
Q

These are the monomers of DNA

A

nucleotides

109
Q

This is the number of sides of DNA used as a template during transcription.

A

ONE! - just he active side

110
Q

What is transcription?

A

Transcription uses DNA as a template to build RNA.

Final Review (3 decks)

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