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genetics exam 3 Flashcards

(74 cards)

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1
Q

gene expression that happens in the cytoplasm only

A

prokaryotic

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2
Q

gene expression that happens in the nucleus then cytoplasm

A

eukaryotic

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3
Q

elements that can bind to promoter to initiate or repress RNA polymerase from transcribing

A

transcription factors

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4
Q

place on operon where RNA polymerase binds

A

promoter

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5
Q

place on operon where repressor binds

A

operator

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6
Q

enzyme that blocks RNA polymerase from transcribing

A

repressor

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7
Q

enzyme that binds to promoter to commence transcription

A

RNA polymerase

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8
Q

a form of lactose that binds to repressor to remove it so transcription can occur

A

lacI

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9
Q

lactose is present, repressor can’t block

A

transcription occurs

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10
Q

lactose is absent, repressor blocks

A

transcription inhibited

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11
Q

encodes B-galactosidase which breaks down lactose into glucose and galactose

A

lacZ

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12
Q

encodes lactose permeate; transports lactose inside cell

A

lacY

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13
Q

decision of which genes are turned on, and which are turned off; why not all genes are expressed in a given cell

A

gene regulation

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14
Q

regulatory protein that is a positive transcription factor that speeds up the rate of transcription

A

activator

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15
Q

regulatory protein that is a negative transcription factor that slows down the rate of transcription

A

repressor

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16
Q

cause conformational change of repressor and activator proteins (ability to bind to DNA and regulate gene expression is hindered)

A

effector molecules

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17
Q

metabolic pathways that may be activated when glucose is low

A

arabinose operon

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18
Q

repressor binds to operator and blocks transcription of trp genes

A

high conc. tryptophan

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19
Q

repressor fails to bind to operator- transcription occurs

A

low conc. tryptophan

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20
Q

regulatory factors that are linked to the target gene; same molecule of DNA

A

Cis

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21
Q

regulatory factors that are proteins encoded by other genes; different molecule of DNA

A

trans

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22
Q

cis reg. factor that initiates transcription

A

core promoter

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23
Q

cis. reg factor that binds to transcription factors

A

proximal elements

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24
Q

cis reg. factor that binds to transcription factors; speeds transcription

A

enhancers

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25
cis reg. factor that represses transcription
silencer
26
trans reg. factor that catalyzes transcription
RNA polymerase
27
trans reg. factor that are proteins that control the rate of transcription
transcription factors
28
trans reg. factors that activate gene expression
co-activators
29
trans reg. factors that repress gene expression
co-repressors
30
produces rRNA
RNA polymerase I
31
transcribes mRNA from DNA
RNA polymerase II
32
transcribes tRNA and small non-coding RNA's
RNA polymerase III
33
transcription factors that can bind to enhancer
specialized transcription factors (STF's)
34
transcription factors that can bind to promoter or silencer that form pre-initiation complex
general transcription factors (GTF's)
35
chromatin that inhibits transcription
dense
36
chromatin that facilitates transcription
loose
37
light/loose chromatin; main site of gene expression
euchromatin
38
dark chromatin- 2 kinds
heterochromatin
39
permanent chromatin, no gene expression (tighter)
constitutive
40
temporary chromatin, some gene expression
facultative
41
process by which cells in a multicellular organism decide their roles and identities
cell fate
42
stem cells that have most levels of differentiation
totipotent
43
stem cells that can differentiate less levels that totipotent
pluripotent
44
stem cells that can differentiate into less levels than pluripotent
multipotent
45
a set of interacting cells cooperate to form a structure
developmental fields
46
limb bud formation, AER formation , signaling centers, limb development stages
limb development
47
groups of cells that direct the development of adjacent cells into specific states
organizers in vertebrates
48
genes that regulate when and where genes are expressed to produce different cell types and structures
developmental genes
49
specification and determination
2 steps of stem cell formation
50
1st step of stem cell formation; cell commitment is still able
specification
51
2nd step of stem cell formation; cell commitment is irreversible
determination
52
cells that are not reproductive
somatic cells
53
cells that are reproductive
germ cells
54
top; bottom
anterior; posterior
55
back; front
dorsal; ventral
56
outer layer; can differentiate into nervous tissue and epidermis
ectoderm
57
middle later; can differentiate into muscle cells and connective tissue
mesoderm
58
inner layer; can differentiate into internal organs
endoderm
59
crucial process for defining head and tail regions of the future embryo
anterior-posterior axis established during fruit fly oogenesis
60
humans could be M or F when their still a zygote
bipotential
61
XX or XY
genetic sex
62
ovaries or testes
gonadal sex
63
repro. tract, secondary sexual traits, gender identity
phenotypic sex
64
XY F or XX M
gonadal dysgenesis
65
change in Y, X chromosome haploinsufficiency, and endocrine disruptors
forms of incorrect gonad development
66
abnormal hormone production where males are resistant to androgens; develop femininity
androgen insensitivity syndrome
67
abnormal hormone production where the body doesn't produce enough hormones; delayed or absent puberty
Kallmann syndrome
68
abnormal hormone production where there are mutations in THRA or THRB genes
thyroid hormone hyposensitivity
69
abnormal hormone production where there are variant forms of serotonin and oxytocin
postpartum depression
70
abnormal hormone production where there are increased levels of RTH
reduced sensitivity to thyroid hormone
71
gene that triggers the formation of testes in an embryo
SRY gene
72
gene that plays a critical role in the development of many organs and tissues
SOX9 gene
73
receptor that allows body to respond to androgen hormones, which are critical in masculine development
androgen receptor
74
hormone involves in the production of sperm and rbc's, and make muscle mass and strength
testosterone

Genetics (4 decks)

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