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Genetics > genetics exam 3 > Flashcards

genetics exam 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

gene expression that happens in the cytoplasm only

A

prokaryotic

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2
Q

gene expression that happens in the nucleus then cytoplasm

A

eukaryotic

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3
Q

elements that can bind to promoter to initiate or repress RNA polymerase from transcribing

A

transcription factors

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4
Q

place on operon where RNA polymerase binds

A

promoter

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5
Q

place on operon where repressor binds

A

operator

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6
Q

enzyme that blocks RNA polymerase from transcribing

A

repressor

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7
Q

enzyme that binds to promoter to commence transcription

A

RNA polymerase

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8
Q

a form of lactose that binds to repressor to remove it so transcription can occur

A

lacI

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9
Q

lactose is present, repressor can’t block

A

transcription occurs

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10
Q

lactose is absent, repressor blocks

A

transcription inhibited

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11
Q

encodes B-galactosidase which breaks down lactose into glucose and galactose

A

lacZ

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12
Q

encodes lactose permeate; transports lactose inside cell

A

lacY

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13
Q

decision of which genes are turned on, and which are turned off; why not all genes are expressed in a given cell

A

gene regulation

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14
Q

regulatory protein that is a positive transcription factor that speeds up the rate of transcription

A

activator

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15
Q

regulatory protein that is a negative transcription factor that slows down the rate of transcription

A

repressor

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16
Q

cause conformational change of repressor and activator proteins (ability to bind to DNA and regulate gene expression is hindered)

A

effector molecules

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17
Q

metabolic pathways that may be activated when glucose is low

A

arabinose operon

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18
Q

repressor binds to operator and blocks transcription of trp genes

A

high conc. tryptophan

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19
Q

repressor fails to bind to operator- transcription occurs

A

low conc. tryptophan

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20
Q

regulatory factors that are linked to the target gene; same molecule of DNA

A

Cis

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21
Q

regulatory factors that are proteins encoded by other genes; different molecule of DNA

A

trans

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22
Q

cis reg. factor that initiates transcription

A

core promoter

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23
Q

cis. reg factor that binds to transcription factors

A

proximal elements

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24
Q

cis reg. factor that binds to transcription factors; speeds transcription

A

enhancers

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25
Q

cis reg. factor that represses transcription

A

silencer

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26
Q

trans reg. factor that catalyzes transcription

A

RNA polymerase

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27
Q

trans reg. factor that are proteins that control the rate of transcription

A

transcription factors

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28
Q

trans reg. factors that activate gene expression

A

co-activators

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29
Q

trans reg. factors that repress gene expression

A

co-repressors

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30
Q

produces rRNA

A

RNA polymerase I

31
Q

transcribes mRNA from DNA

A

RNA polymerase II

32
Q

transcribes tRNA and small non-coding RNA’s

A

RNA polymerase III

33
Q

transcription factors that can bind to enhancer

A

specialized transcription factors (STF’s)

34
Q

transcription factors that can bind to promoter or silencer that form pre-initiation complex

A

general transcription factors (GTF’s)

35
Q

chromatin that inhibits transcription

A

dense

36
Q

chromatin that facilitates transcription

A

loose

37
Q

light/loose chromatin; main site of gene expression

A

euchromatin

38
Q

dark chromatin- 2 kinds

A

heterochromatin

39
Q

permanent chromatin, no gene expression (tighter)

A

constitutive

40
Q

temporary chromatin, some gene expression

A

facultative

41
Q

process by which cells in a multicellular organism decide their roles and identities

A

cell fate

42
Q

stem cells that have most levels of differentiation

A

totipotent

43
Q

stem cells that can differentiate less levels that totipotent

A

pluripotent

44
Q

stem cells that can differentiate into less levels than pluripotent

A

multipotent

45
Q

a set of interacting cells cooperate to form a structure

A

developmental fields

46
Q

limb bud formation, AER formation , signaling centers, limb development stages

A

limb development

47
Q

groups of cells that direct the development of adjacent cells into specific states

A

organizers in vertebrates

48
Q

genes that regulate when and where genes are expressed to produce different cell types and structures

A

developmental genes

49
Q

specification and determination

A

2 steps of stem cell formation

50
Q

1st step of stem cell formation; cell commitment is still able

A

specification

51
Q

2nd step of stem cell formation; cell commitment is irreversible

A

determination

52
Q

cells that are not reproductive

A

somatic cells

53
Q

cells that are reproductive

A

germ cells

54
Q

top; bottom

A

anterior; posterior

55
Q

back; front

A

dorsal; ventral

56
Q

outer layer; can differentiate into nervous tissue and epidermis

A

ectoderm

57
Q

middle later; can differentiate into muscle cells and connective tissue

A

mesoderm

58
Q

inner layer; can differentiate into internal organs

A

endoderm

59
Q

crucial process for defining head and tail regions of the future embryo

A

anterior-posterior axis established during fruit fly oogenesis

60
Q

humans could be M or F when their still a zygote

A

bipotential

61
Q

XX or XY

A

genetic sex

62
Q

ovaries or testes

A

gonadal sex

63
Q

repro. tract, secondary sexual traits, gender identity

A

phenotypic sex

64
Q

XY F or XX M

A

gonadal dysgenesis

65
Q

change in Y, X chromosome haploinsufficiency, and endocrine disruptors

A

forms of incorrect gonad development

66
Q

abnormal hormone production where males are resistant to androgens; develop femininity

A

androgen insensitivity syndrome

67
Q

abnormal hormone production where the body doesn’t produce enough hormones; delayed or absent puberty

A

Kallmann syndrome

68
Q

abnormal hormone production where there are mutations in THRA or THRB genes

A

thyroid hormone hyposensitivity

69
Q

abnormal hormone production where there are variant forms of serotonin and oxytocin

A

postpartum depression

70
Q

abnormal hormone production where there are increased levels of RTH

A

reduced sensitivity to thyroid hormone

71
Q

gene that triggers the formation of testes in an embryo

A

SRY gene

72
Q

gene that plays a critical role in the development of many organs and tissues

A

SOX9 gene

73
Q

receptor that allows body to respond to androgen hormones, which are critical in masculine development

A

androgen receptor

74
Q

hormone involves in the production of sperm and rbc’s, and make muscle mass and strength

A

testosterone

Genetics (4 decks)

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