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Genetics > Genetics Exam 2 > Flashcards

Genetics Exam 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

only DNA transforms

A

transformation of bacteria

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2
Q

only radio labeled DNA is passed to offspring viruses

A

Hershey-Chase experiment

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3
Q

composed of deoxyribose sugar, phosphates, and nitrogenous bases

A

nucleotides

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4
Q

two DNA strands intertwine to form a double helix with base pairing between antiparallel strands

A

DNA double helix

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5
Q

phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides in DNA backbone

A

single DNA strand

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6
Q

A and G

A

Purines

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7
Q

T and C

A

Pyrimidines

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8
Q

What kind of bonds between bases in complementary DNA strands

A

hydrogen bonds

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9
Q

Which experiment proved that DNA synthesis is semiconservative

A

Messelon-Stahl experiments

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10
Q

Catalyzes the synthesis of DNA

A

DNA polymerase

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11
Q

Synthesizes RNA primers that initiate DNA replication

A

Primase

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12
Q

Joins DNA strands together by forming phosphodiester bonds

A

Ligase

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13
Q

adds telomeres to the ends of chromosomes

A

Telomerase

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14
Q

unzips double-stranded DNA

A

helicase

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15
Q

unwinds DNA creating temporary breaks in DNA helix

A

topoisomerase

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16
Q

DNA->RNA->protein

A

central dogma

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17
Q

DNA->RNA

A

Transcription

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18
Q

RNA->protein

A

translation

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19
Q

RNA polymerase synthesizes RNA using what template

A

DNA

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20
Q

1) Initiation 2) Elongation 3) Termination

A

Transcription steps

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21
Q

Cap 5’ end with

A

7-methylguanosine

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22
Q

splice to remove introns and glue-

A

exons together

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23
Q

a cellular process that allows a single gene to produce multiple mRNA transcripts, which can be translated into different proteins.

A

alternative splicing

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24
Q

varying amino acid sequences, potentially altering protein domains, sub cellular localization, and interaction capabilities

A

alternative splicing effect on protein structure and function

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25
Q

RNA transcript (introns) are removed and remaining (exons) are spliced together

A

mechanism of splicing

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26
Q

basic structure of proteins can consist of how many different amino acids

A

20

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27
Q

different general amino acid structures

A

Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, and Quaternary

28
Q

linear order of amino acids in a protein

A

Primary structure

29
Q

arrangement of amino acids that are near each other in a polypeptide (or protein) into alpha helices and beta pleated sheets

A

Secondary structure

30
Q

spacial arrangement of amino acids (and secondary structures) that are far apart in the linear sequence

A

Tertiary structure

31
Q

spacial arrangement of amino acids (or proteins) that associate with each other to form a multi-subunit molecule

A

Quaternary structure

32
Q

in eukaryotes, one gene codes for one protein

A

one gene-one enzyme hypothesis

33
Q

nucleotide sequence in DNA or RNA read in three groups called codons, directly correspond to amino acids in proteins

A

genetic code during translation

34
Q

three nucleotides in mRNA encode a single amino acid

A

codon

35
Q

three nucleotides in tRNA that are complementary to codon in mRNA

A

Anti-codon

36
Q

start codon

A

AUG

37
Q

stop codons

A

UAA, UAG, UGA

38
Q

some amino acids are specifies by more than one codon (UUU and UUC both code for phenylalanine)

A

degenerate code

39
Q

catalyzes peptide bond formation

A

large ribosomal subunit

40
Q

decodes genetic message on mRNA- matching codons on anti-codons to tRNA molecules

A

small ribosomal subunit

41
Q

translate genetic information into proteins

A

rRNA

42
Q

links mRNA to amino acids during protein synthesis

A

tRNA

43
Q

contain information that directs cells to make proteins

A

mRNA

44
Q

tRNA brings amino acid into

A

A site

45
Q

anti codon in tRNA pairs with codon in

A

mRNA

46
Q

peptide transferase makes a peptide bond between the amino acids in

A

the P and A sites

47
Q

uncharged tRNA falls out of the P site and the ribosome moves one codon along the

A

mRNA

48
Q

growing polypeptide attached to tRNA are now in

A

P site

49
Q

a change in a single nucleotide can change amino acids in a protein or result in a

A

premature stop codon

50
Q

can tell about protein structure because it determines protein function- zinc finger motifs bind DNA

A

X-ray crystallography- used to determine 3D structure of proteins

51
Q

refers to all proteins in cell, tissue, or organism

A

proteome

52
Q

isolate DNA, Cut DNA- 3 types of restriction enzymes, insert target DNA into DNA vector, transform bacteria with vector and isolate individual clones

A

steps of making and cloning recombinant DNA

53
Q

isolate mRNA from a specific tissue, then reverse transcribe it into cDNA, and insert cDNA fragments into vectors

A

how cDNA libraries are made

54
Q

detects and measures specific DNA sequences in a sample; digesting DNA, separating fragments, transferring fragments, probing, and analyzing

A

southern blots

55
Q

detects specific proteins in a sample; separate proteins, transfer proteins, detect proteins, and analyze

A

western blots

56
Q

detect and measure amount of RNA in a sample; separate RNA, transfer RNA, hybridize, wash and detect

A

northern blots

57
Q

used to study gene expression, site directed mutagenesis, and genetic testing; denaturation, annealing, and extension

A

PCR

58
Q

read starting at the bottom; extraction, library preparation, sequencing, and analysis

A

DNA sequencing

59
Q

individual base pair substitutions, insertions, or deletions

A

how site directed mutagenesis is used to dissect gene function in vitro (in cell culture)

60
Q

two or more identical protein monomers exchange structural elements and fold into dimers or multimers

A

deletion or exchange (domain swapping) of large DNA segments

61
Q

cloning viral RNA genomes into bacterial plasmids or artificial chromosome vectors

A

reverse genetics

62
Q

a molecular genetics approach that identifies the genetic basis of a phenotype or trait of interest

A

forward genetics

63
Q

reating genetically modified organisms (GMOs) where a specific gene of interest is altered or introduced

A

how recombinant DNA technology is used to study gene function in vivo (in whole organisms)

64
Q

introduced from species to another

A

transgenes

65
Q

substitute a null (nonfunctional) allele for a normal allele

A

gene knockouts

66
Q

replacement substitutes a modified allele for a wild type allele

A

gene replacement

Genetics (4 decks)

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