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Genetics > Genetics exam 1 > Flashcards

Genetics exam 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Mendel proposed that there are basic units of heredity passed from parent to offspring.

A

Particulate theory of inheritance

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2
Q

Genes come in homologous pairs that segregate from each other into gametes, half carry one member of the pair and half carry the other.

A

Mendel’s first law of segregation

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3
Q

G1- duplication, S- synthesis, G2- cell double checks for errors.

A

Interphase

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4
Q

Connects the sister chromatids together in the middle.

A

Centromere

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5
Q

Site on either side of sister chromatid where spindle fibers attach.

A

Kinetochore

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6
Q

Reach out and bind to sister chromatids to pull them apart.

A

Spindle fibers

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7
Q

Area between top and bottom of inner sister chromatids where tetrads form.

A

Synaptonemal complex.

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8
Q

The attachment site that holds homologous chromosomes together after crossing over.

A

Chiasmata

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9
Q

Kinetochores attach to microtubule from opposite spindle poles.

A

Mitosis and Meiosis II

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10
Q

Sister chromatids segregate to the same spindle pole.

A

Meiosis I

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11
Q

Segregation of sister chromatids results in-

A

Segregation of alleles.

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12
Q

Cross between two heterozygotes

A

Monohybrid cross

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13
Q

Cross between two individuals with two observed traits that are controlled by two distinct genes- from independent assortment.

A

Dihybrid

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14
Q

Cross between a heterozygote for two genes and a recessive for all genes.

A

Testcross

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15
Q

Take fraction of each individual and multiply them together to get a fraction of what the combined offspring between individuals would be.

A

Product rule

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16
Q

Add probability of 1st and 2nd genotype.

A

Sum rule

17
Q

Doesn’t affect every generation, can inherit from unaffected parent, few generations affected.

A

Autosomal recessive

18
Q

Each generation is affected, M and F are affected, can be inherited from M or F, can inherit from unaffected parent.

A

Autosomal dominant

19
Q

Can be inherited from two unaffected parents, M affected more than F, sons can only inherit from mother; son can only inherit Y from dad.

A

X-linked recessive

20
Q

Daughters can only inherit from unaffected fathers, affected Aa females pass 1/2 to sons and 1/2 to daughters.

A

X-linked dominant

21
Q

Can only be passed from father to son, if Y carried allele with trait, they will be affected.

A

Y- linked

22
Q

Mitochondria and chloroplasts; mother to offspring only, never passed on by father.

A

Cytoplasmic inheritance

23
Q

During gamete formation, segregation of alleles, for one gene is independent of the segregation of alleles for other genes.

A

Mendel’s second law: law of independent assortment

24
Q

Attachment of spindle fibers to one tetrad does not affect the attachment of spindle fibers to other tetrads.

A

Allows chromosomes to assort independently.

25
Q

More than one gene influences a trait.

A

Polygenic inheritance

26
Q

Genes can be inherited in cytoplasmic organelles that are passed exclusively through eggs; show maternal inheritance.

A

Mitochondria and chloroplasts

27
Q

Unlinked chromosomes with genes A and B on different chromosomes will have results closer to the expected hypothesis. Unlinked chromosomes with genes A and B on the same chromosomes will have results further from expected hypothesis.

A

Genetic linkage

28
Q

When genes are further apart on a chromosome there will be a higher recombination frequency; on the linkage map the genes will be further apart.

A

Recombination (crossing over)

29
Q

A/a;B/b

A

unlinked

30
Q

AB/ab

A

linked

31
Q

Red+white=pink

A

Incomplete dominance

32
Q

Brown+gray=brown/gray speckles, blood typed IAIB =AB

A

Codominance

33
Q

Homozygous recessive die before birth, heterozygotes survive, and wild type survive.

A

Recessive lethal alleles

34
Q

One gene influences more than one trait

A

Pleiotropic

35
Q

An individual must have one dominant allele at both loci to display phenotype.

A

Complementation

36
Q

Percentage of individuals with a given genotype

A

Penetrance

37
Q

The extent to which a genotype is expressed at the phenotypic level.

A

Expressivity

38
Q

An individual with an allele for a trait may not develop the disease depending on the level that it’s expressed due to expressivity.

A

How someone with allele doesn’t develop disease.

Genetics (2 decks)

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