Genetics Exam

Question 1

Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment

Answer 1

Inheritance of one trait is not dependent on inheritance of another because their genes are sorted separately

Question 2

Mendel’s Law of Segregation

Answer 2

Requires that offspring can inherit only one version of an allele of a gene, no 2 homologous chromosomes can be inherited

Question 3

Amino acids are created by how many nucleotides?

Answer 3

3

Question 4

DNA nucleotide pairs

Answer 4

A and T
G and C

Question 5

RNA nucleotide

Answer 5

A and U
G and C

Question 6

Semi Conservative Replication

Answer 6

A single strand of DNA is used as a template for its respective partner

Question 7

How many nucleotides are in a codon?

Answer 7

3

Question 8

DNA Backbone

Answer 8

phosphate and a sugar which nucleotide extends from

Question 9

What phase does DNA replication occur?

Answer 9

S phase

Question 10

What phase are corrections made to DNA in?

Answer 10

G2 phase

Question 11

Helicase

Answer 11

unwinds the DNA

Question 12

Single strand binding proteins

Answer 12

hold DNA open during replication process

Question 13

Primase

Answer 13

initiates DNA replication by synthesizing RNA primers

Question 14

RNA Primers

Answer 14

RNA that initiates DNA synthesis

Question 15

DNA Polymerase

Answer 15

adds nucleotides to the DNA strand being built

Question 16

Direction of Replication

Answer 16

DNA polymerase can only build strands in the direction of 5’-3’ and the corresponding strand would be 3’-5’ in the direction of replication

Question 17

Ligase

Answer 17

bind two strands of DNA together after replication to created a fully formed double helix

Question 18

Okazaki Fragments

Answer 18

fragments of DNA synthesized on the lagging strand of DNA and fused together by the ligase

Question 19

Germline Mutation

Answer 19

Occurs in the early cells before sperm and eggs are formed and can be passed onto the next generation

Question 20

Soma Mutation

Answer 20

Occurs in the cells that aren’t incorporated in gamete production and are not passed onto the next generation

Question 21

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PRC)

Answer 21

lab technique that produces millions of copies of DNA

Question 22

Denaturation

Answer 22

first step of PCR, DNA is heated to separate the two complimentary strands

Question 23

Annealing

Answer 23

second step of PCR, temperature is lowered so that DNA primers attach to regions around the segment of DNA to be copied

Question 24

Elongation

Answer 24

third step of PCR, DNA polymerase copies the template segment of DNA

Question 25

Last step of PCR

Answer 25

full process is repeated to obtain the desired amount of DNA

Question 26

The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology

Answer 26

DNA is transcribed into messenger RNA and mRNA in translated into proteins, meaning DNA codes for protein synthesis

Question 27

Transcription

Answer 27

synthesis of RNA from DNA

Question 28

Translation

Answer 28

synthesis of proteins from RNA

Question 29

Transcription process

Answer 29

DNA is separated and one strand is used as a template strand to make mRNA which is complementary to the template strand

Question 30

RNA Polymerase

Answer 30

attaches to the template strand and synthesizes RNA molecule

Question 31

Nucleosomes

Answer 31

DNA wraps around nucleosomes that attach, condensing the DNA into chromatids

Question 32

Transcription Factors

Answer 32

bind to the DNA after separation to signal the RNA polymerase to begin

Question 33

Terminator Sequence

Answer 33

A sequence of DNA that signals for the RNA polymerase to finish

Question 34

rRNA

Answer 34

codes for the ribosome that creates proteins

Question 35

tRNA

Answer 35

has an attach site for specific amino acids and anticodons that correspond to the mRNA codons

Question 36

Ribosomes composed of

Answer 36

two subunits of rRNA and some proteins

Question 37

Three steps of translation

Answer 37

initiation, elongation, and termination

Question 38

Initiation

Answer 38

mRNA binds to a small ribosomal unit at the initiation codon and the larger ribosomal unit attaches making the initiation complex complete

Question 39

Elongation

Answer 39

RNA codons are read and the polypeptides are formed and bonded

Question 40

Termination

Answer 40

when the ribosome reaches the stop codon and detached, completing the translation

Question 41

Ultraviolet radiation damages DNA by causing an extra ___________________ bond to form between adjacent ______________.

Answer 41

covalent, thymines.