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Biology 110 > Animals > Flashcards

Animals Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

3 Characteristics of Animals

A

Motile, Heterotrophic, and Multicellular

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2
Q

Heterotrophic

A

Ingests nutrients and stores it as glycogen

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3
Q

What organism did animals evolve from

A

Choanoflagellates

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4
Q

Choanoflagellates

A

Single cell attached to a stalk and has a flagellum that sweeps for food

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5
Q

Bifurcation

A

Division of ancestral line into two branches

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6
Q

Radial

A

Multiple mirror images, similar to pizza

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7
Q

Bilateral

A

One mirror plane, usually some cephalization

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8
Q

Cephalization

A

Has a head of sensory reception

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9
Q

Radiata

A

Organisms with radial symmetry and are diplobastic

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10
Q

Diploblastic

A

Having two tissues

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11
Q

Triploblastic

A

Three Layers

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12
Q

Diploblastic Layers

A

Ectoderm and endoderm

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13
Q

Triploblastic Layers

A

Ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm

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14
Q

Mesoderm creates

A

Muscles and Internal organs

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15
Q

Protostomes

A

Develop the mouth first in the digestive track, have spiral cleavage, and are determinate

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16
Q

Deuterostomes

A

Develop the anus first in the digestive track, have a radial arrangement, and are indeterminate

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17
Q

Protostomes include

A

Mollusks, arthropods, and annelids

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18
Q

Deuterostomes include

A

Chordates and echinoderms

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19
Q

Gastrulation (slide 19)

A

the development of tissues

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20
Q

Induction

A

Embryonic cells trigger the differentiation of cells

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21
Q

Hox genes

A

Determine the basic structure of an organism

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22
Q

Phylum Porifera

A

Parazoa, includes sea sponges

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23
Q

Parazoa traits

A

Have two layers of epithelial cells but lack true tissues

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24
Q

Phylum Cnidaria

A

Includes corals, jellyfish, and anemones

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25
Q

Cnidaria means

A

stinging thread

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26
Q

Cnidaria Traits

A

Trues tissues, radial symmetry, two germ layers, and no complete digestive tract

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27
Q

Cnidaria larval stage

A

Planula

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28
Q

Nematocysts

A

Stinging cells located in organisms of phylum cnidaria

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29
Q

Hydrozoans

A

Jellyfish

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30
Q

Coelom

A

A fluid lined body cavity separating the gut from the outer wall

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31
Q

Psuedocoelomates

A

Body cavity is not entirely lined by mesoderm and forms between the mesoderm and endoderm

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32
Q

True Coelom

A

body cavity lined with mesoderm

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33
Q

Phylum Platyhelminthes

A

Flatworms; Triploblastic, bilaterally symmetrical, have no true coelom but have first true mesoderm

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34
Q

Tapeworms

A

P. Platyhelminthes; Have a scolex, division into body segments, lost digestive tract

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35
Q

Scolex

A

Oral hooked attachment of tapeworms

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36
Q

Proglottids

A

Body segments of tapeworms

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37
Q

Phylum Nematoda

A

Round worms; soils and parasitic worms, have a false coelom, helps make the hydrostatic skeleton

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38
Q

Kidney worm

A

P. Nematoda; live in mammal kidneys and come from fish and frogs

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39
Q

Ascaris lumbricoides

A

P. Nematoda; human roundworm that lives in the stomach

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40
Q

Hook worm

A

P. Nematoda; burrows into toes causes diarrhea, pneumonia, and anemia, and affects 800mil-1.2bil people

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41
Q

Caenorhabditis elegans

A

P. Nematoda; model organism

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42
Q

Phylum Mollusca

A

Have the most body variation of animals, have a shell and include 50,000 to 120,000 species

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43
Q

Mantle

A

Formed by the dorsal epithelium and it secrete calcareous spicules or one or more shells

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44
Q

Radula

A

Circular band of teeth in the esophagus for feeding

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45
Q

Gastropods

A

P. Mollusca; includes snails, sea slugs, nudibranchs and is the largest class of the phylum

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46
Q

Gastropod means

A

stomach foot

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47
Q

Bivalves

A

P. Mollusca; have a two valved shell with a hinged ligament controlled by an adductor muscle and lack cephalization and a radula

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48
Q

Zebra Muscles

A

Highly invasive species of bivalves that are located in Lake Erie especially

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49
Q

Cephalopods

A

P. Mollusca; includes octopi, squid, nautilus, and cuddle fish

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50
Q

3 cephalopods traits

A

a radula, mantle cavity, and foot

51
Q

Cephalopods brain

A

Fused ganglia encased in cartilage

52
Q

Shell

A

slide 75

53
Q

Cephalopod eye

A

sophisticated and can perceive shape, color, brightness, and texture

54
Q

Chromatophore and Indiocytes

A

Allow color change in cephalopods

55
Q

Phylum Annelida

A

Segmented worms; include earth worms, Polychaeta, and leeches

56
Q

Chitinous Setae

A

Bristles on the exterior of annelids

57
Q

Leeches

A

Have a posterior sucker, most lack satae and are mostly ectoparasitic

58
Q

Phylum Arthropoda

A

Most diverse and numerous phylum; has segmented and jointed chitinous exoskeleton

59
Q

Motile Cilia are

A

lost by arthropods in larval stages

60
Q

Tagmatization

A

Specialization of groups of segments, especially on arthropods

61
Q

Compound Eye

A

Eye composed of cells that each send separate signals to the brain

62
Q

Subphylum Chelicerata

A

Phylum Arthropoda; include arachnids, horseshoe crab, and sea spiders; No antennae and have 2 distant body portions

63
Q

Chelicerea

A

First pair of appendages on subphylum Chelicerata modified for feeding

64
Q

“Widow” Spiders

A

produce neurotoxin, can be lethal

65
Q

“Recluse” Spiders

A

produce necrotic toxin, causes severe skin irritation

66
Q

Evolution of venom between spiders and scorpions

A

convergent evolution

67
Q

Subphylum Mandibulata

A

Phylum Arthropoda; contains insecta, crustacea, myriapods, and chelicerate

68
Q

Class Myriapods

A

Phylum Arthropoda; many legs, all uniramous

69
Q

Order Chilopoda

A

Phylum Arthropoda; centipedes; one leg per segment, some have ocelli, and some are poisonous delivering git with a modified leg

70
Q

Class Diplopoda

A

Phylum Arthropoda; millipedes; way more diverse than Chilopoda, have two pairs of legs per segment, and aren’t poisonous but can have cyanide glands

71
Q

Class Crustacea

A

Phylum Arthropoda; head bears 5 appendages including 2 antenna

72
Q

Class Crustacea larval form

A

triangular nautilus that has three pairs of appendages and a single medial eye

73
Q

Order Stomatopoda

A

Class Crustacea; mantis shrimp that are vicious bottom dwelling carnivores and have 8 pairs of legs, one for smashing

74
Q

Decapods

A

Class Crustacea; lobsters and crabs

75
Q

Class Insecta

A

Phylum Arthropoda; most successful animals, have wings, three pairs of legs, and 3 main body segments

76
Q

3 main body segments of insects

A

head, thorax, and abdomen

77
Q

Beatles

A

most diverse of insects and hypothesized to have evolved withangiosperms

78
Q

5 main reasons of success of insects

A
  1. small size and short generation
  2. coevolution with hosts
  3. inhabit micro-ecosystems
  4. developed flight
  5. resource partitioning
79
Q

4 times flight evolved

A

insects, pterosaurs, birds, and bats

80
Q

Resource Partitoning

A

larvae and adults eat different food

81
Q

Head

A

sensory reception and food intake

82
Q

Thorax

A

3 segments, contains legs and wings, and controls movement

83
Q

Abdomen

A

reproduction, digestion, and excretion

84
Q

Chitin

A

protein that adds structure to exoskeleton

85
Q

Insects evolved from

A

long segmented worm

86
Q

Molting

A

when insects undergo shed their casing to reveal a larger form

87
Q

What percent of insects undergone metaphorphosis?

A

86%

88
Q

Spiracle

A

how insects receive air

89
Q

Elytron

A

the hard outer shell (front wing) of a beetle

90
Q

Legmen

A

leathering hard casing over wings on grasshoppers

91
Q

Are echinoderms and chordates deuterostomes or protostomes

A

Deuterostomes

92
Q

Phylum Echinoderm

A

include sea stars, brittle stars, and sea urchins; sessile slow moving animals that have bilateral larvae

93
Q

4 characteristics of chordates

A

Notochord, dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, and postnatal tail

94
Q

Notochord

A

a flexible rod just below the nerve cord to provide support

95
Q

Dorsal Nerve Chord

A

a sheet of ectoderm forming a hollow nerve chords that becomes the brain and spinal cord

96
Q

Pharyngeal Slits

A

opening in pharynx for water to exit prior to digestion

97
Q

Postnatal Tail

A

at tail past the anus during some stage of development

98
Q

Vertebrata

A

Subphylum of chordates; animals with vertebral column, have lungs, legs, amniotic eggs, hair, etc

99
Q

Chephalochordata

A

Subphylum of chordates; lancets burrowing filter feeders

100
Q

Urochordata

A

Subphylum of chordates; tunicates and sea squirts

101
Q

Verbrata Cephalization

A

pronounced and the anterior portion of the nervous system is in a protective case

102
Q

Evolution of Jaw

A

pharyngeal slits evolved bones with evolved teeth

103
Q

Evolution of Legs

A

evolved from lobe finned fishes

104
Q

Aquatic Mammals

A

evolved legs and then fins again

105
Q

First reach of dry land

A

365 MYA

106
Q

Evolution of Amniotic Egg

A

shell keeps water in and the membrane system allows nutrient and gas exchange which led animals to reproduce on land

107
Q

Amnion

A

inner membrane in amniotic egg surrounding amniotic cavity and provide and protects the embryo

108
Q

Amphibia

A

amphibians

109
Q

Reptilia

A

reptiles

110
Q

Aves

A

birds

111
Q

Mammalia

A

includes monotremes, marsupials and placentals; have hair, mammary glands, and three bones in the inner ear

112
Q

Placental Mammals

A

reproduce/have a placenta

113
Q

Monotreme Mammals

A

have no nipples and lay eggs

114
Q

When did the genus homo arise?

A

2.5 MYA

115
Q

When did the species sapiens arrive?

A

200,000 YA

116
Q

Humans

A

Class Mammalia; Homo sapiens

117
Q

Tetrapods

A

animals that walk on land

118
Q

Eumetazoa

A

animals having true tissues, include everything but sponges

119
Q

Coral bleaching is the result of the loss of ______________ from the ___________ coral in which they live.

A

zooxanthellae ; anthozoan

120
Q

Both protostomes and deuterostomes have:

A

true muscles

121
Q

C. elegans is a nematode worm that is a useful model organism in genetics. As a nematode, it has a(n) _______________. In genetic studies, individual genes can be “turned off” by using small pieces of siRNA to degrade a complementary mRNA, therefore, preventing ______________of a specific gene.

A

complete digestive tract / translation

122
Q

At the eight-cell stage of embryonic development, mollusks have cells that are _________ and amphibians have cells that are _____________ .​

A

determinate, indeterminate

123
Q

Which of the following animals retains all of the chordate characteristics into adulthood?

A

Lancelets

124
Q

Which of the following organisms is NOT a member of subphylum Vertebrata?

A

Lancelets

Biology 110 (4 decks)

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