Animals Flashcards
1
Q
3 Characteristics of Animals
A
Motile, Heterotrophic, and Multicellular
2
Q
Heterotrophic
A
Ingests nutrients and stores it as glycogen
3
Q
What organism did animals evolve from
A
Choanoflagellates
4
Q
Choanoflagellates
A
Single cell attached to a stalk and has a flagellum that sweeps for food
5
Q
Bifurcation
A
Division of ancestral line into two branches
6
Q
Radial
A
Multiple mirror images, similar to pizza
7
Q
Bilateral
A
One mirror plane, usually some cephalization
8
Q
Cephalization
A
Has a head of sensory reception
9
Q
Radiata
A
Organisms with radial symmetry and are diplobastic
10
Q
Diploblastic
A
Having two tissues
11
Q
Triploblastic
A
Three Layers
12
Q
Diploblastic Layers
A
Ectoderm and endoderm
13
Q
Triploblastic Layers
A
Ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm
14
Q
Mesoderm creates
A
Muscles and Internal organs
15
Q
Protostomes
A
Develop the mouth first in the digestive track, have spiral cleavage, and are determinate
16
Q
Deuterostomes
A
Develop the anus first in the digestive track, have a radial arrangement, and are indeterminate
17
Q
Protostomes include
A
Mollusks, arthropods, and annelids
18
Q
Deuterostomes include
A
Chordates and echinoderms
19
Q
Gastrulation (slide 19)
A
the development of tissues
20
Q
Induction
A
Embryonic cells trigger the differentiation of cells
21
Q
Hox genes
A
Determine the basic structure of an organism
22
Q
Phylum Porifera
A
Parazoa, includes sea sponges
23
Q
Parazoa traits
A
Have two layers of epithelial cells but lack true tissues
24
Q
Phylum Cnidaria
A
Includes corals, jellyfish, and anemones
25
Cnidaria means
stinging thread
26
Cnidaria Traits
Trues tissues, radial symmetry, two germ layers, and no complete digestive tract
27
Cnidaria larval stage
Planula
28
Nematocysts
Stinging cells located in organisms of phylum cnidaria
29
Hydrozoans
Jellyfish
30
Coelom
A fluid lined body cavity separating the gut from the outer wall
31
Psuedocoelomates
Body cavity is not entirely lined by mesoderm and forms between the mesoderm and endoderm
32
True Coelom
body cavity lined with mesoderm
33
Phylum Platyhelminthes
Flatworms; Triploblastic, bilaterally symmetrical, have no true coelom but have first true mesoderm
34
Tapeworms
P. Platyhelminthes; Have a scolex, division into body segments, lost digestive tract
35
Scolex
Oral hooked attachment of tapeworms
36
Proglottids
Body segments of tapeworms
37
Phylum Nematoda
Round worms; soils and parasitic worms, have a false coelom, helps make the hydrostatic skeleton
38
Kidney worm
P. Nematoda; live in mammal kidneys and come from fish and frogs
39
Ascaris lumbricoides
P. Nematoda; human roundworm that lives in the stomach
40
Hook worm
P. Nematoda; burrows into toes causes diarrhea, pneumonia, and anemia, and affects 800mil-1.2bil people
41
Caenorhabditis elegans
P. Nematoda; model organism
42
Phylum Mollusca
Have the most body variation of animals, have a shell and include 50,000 to 120,000 species
43
Mantle
Formed by the dorsal epithelium and it secrete calcareous spicules or one or more shells
44
Radula
Circular band of teeth in the esophagus for feeding
45
Gastropods
P. Mollusca; includes snails, sea slugs, nudibranchs and is the largest class of the phylum
46
Gastropod means
stomach foot
47
Bivalves
P. Mollusca; have a two valved shell with a hinged ligament controlled by an adductor muscle and lack cephalization and a radula
48
Zebra Muscles
Highly invasive species of bivalves that are located in Lake Erie especially
49
Cephalopods
P. Mollusca; includes octopi, squid, nautilus, and cuddle fish
50
3 cephalopods traits
a radula, mantle cavity, and foot
51
Cephalopods brain
Fused ganglia encased in cartilage
52
Shell
slide 75
53
Cephalopod eye
sophisticated and can perceive shape, color, brightness, and texture
54
Chromatophore and Indiocytes
Allow color change in cephalopods
55
Phylum Annelida
Segmented worms; include earth worms, Polychaeta, and leeches
56
Chitinous Setae
Bristles on the exterior of annelids
57
Leeches
Have a posterior sucker, most lack satae and are mostly ectoparasitic
58
Phylum Arthropoda
Most diverse and numerous phylum; has segmented and jointed chitinous exoskeleton
59
Motile Cilia are
lost by arthropods in larval stages
60
Tagmatization
Specialization of groups of segments, especially on arthropods
61
Compound Eye
Eye composed of cells that each send separate signals to the brain
62
Subphylum Chelicerata
Phylum Arthropoda; include arachnids, horseshoe crab, and sea spiders; No antennae and have 2 distant body portions
63
Chelicerea
First pair of appendages on subphylum Chelicerata modified for feeding
64
"Widow" Spiders
produce neurotoxin, can be lethal
65
"Recluse" Spiders
produce necrotic toxin, causes severe skin irritation
66
Evolution of venom between spiders and scorpions
convergent evolution
67
Subphylum Mandibulata
Phylum Arthropoda; contains insecta, crustacea, myriapods, and chelicerate
68
Class Myriapods
Phylum Arthropoda; many legs, all uniramous
69
Order Chilopoda
Phylum Arthropoda; centipedes; one leg per segment, some have ocelli, and some are poisonous delivering git with a modified leg
70
Class Diplopoda
Phylum Arthropoda; millipedes; way more diverse than Chilopoda, have two pairs of legs per segment, and aren't poisonous but can have cyanide glands
71
Class Crustacea
Phylum Arthropoda; head bears 5 appendages including 2 antenna
72
Class Crustacea larval form
triangular nautilus that has three pairs of appendages and a single medial eye
73
Order Stomatopoda
Class Crustacea; mantis shrimp that are vicious bottom dwelling carnivores and have 8 pairs of legs, one for smashing
74
Decapods
Class Crustacea; lobsters and crabs
75
Class Insecta
Phylum Arthropoda; most successful animals, have wings, three pairs of legs, and 3 main body segments
76
3 main body segments of insects
head, thorax, and abdomen
77
Beatles
most diverse of insects and hypothesized to have evolved withangiosperms
78
5 main reasons of success of insects
1. small size and short generation
2. coevolution with hosts
3. inhabit micro-ecosystems
4. developed flight
5. resource partitioning
79
4 times flight evolved
insects, pterosaurs, birds, and bats
80
Resource Partitoning
larvae and adults eat different food
81
Head
sensory reception and food intake
82
Thorax
3 segments, contains legs and wings, and controls movement
83
Abdomen
reproduction, digestion, and excretion
84
Chitin
protein that adds structure to exoskeleton
85
Insects evolved from
long segmented worm
86
Molting
when insects undergo shed their casing to reveal a larger form
87
What percent of insects undergone metaphorphosis?
86%
88
Spiracle
how insects receive air
89
Elytron
the hard outer shell (front wing) of a beetle
90
Legmen
leathering hard casing over wings on grasshoppers
91
Are echinoderms and chordates deuterostomes or protostomes
Deuterostomes
92
Phylum Echinoderm
include sea stars, brittle stars, and sea urchins; sessile slow moving animals that have bilateral larvae
93
4 characteristics of chordates
Notochord, dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, and postnatal tail
94
Notochord
a flexible rod just below the nerve cord to provide support
95
Dorsal Nerve Chord
a sheet of ectoderm forming a hollow nerve chords that becomes the brain and spinal cord
96
Pharyngeal Slits
opening in pharynx for water to exit prior to digestion
97
Postnatal Tail
at tail past the anus during some stage of development
98
Vertebrata
Subphylum of chordates; animals with vertebral column, have lungs, legs, amniotic eggs, hair, etc
99
Chephalochordata
Subphylum of chordates; lancets burrowing filter feeders
100
Urochordata
Subphylum of chordates; tunicates and sea squirts
101
Verbrata Cephalization
pronounced and the anterior portion of the nervous system is in a protective case
102
Evolution of Jaw
pharyngeal slits evolved bones with evolved teeth
103
Evolution of Legs
evolved from lobe finned fishes
104
Aquatic Mammals
evolved legs and then fins again
105
First reach of dry land
365 MYA
106
Evolution of Amniotic Egg
shell keeps water in and the membrane system allows nutrient and gas exchange which led animals to reproduce on land
107
Amnion
inner membrane in amniotic egg surrounding amniotic cavity and provide and protects the embryo
108
Amphibia
amphibians
109
Reptilia
reptiles
110
Aves
birds
111
Mammalia
includes monotremes, marsupials and placentals; have hair, mammary glands, and three bones in the inner ear
112
Placental Mammals
reproduce/have a placenta
113
Monotreme Mammals
have no nipples and lay eggs
114
When did the genus homo arise?
2.5 MYA
115
When did the species sapiens arrive?
200,000 YA
116
Humans
Class Mammalia; Homo sapiens
117
Tetrapods
animals that walk on land
118
Eumetazoa
animals having true tissues, include everything but sponges
119
Coral bleaching is the result of the loss of ______________ from the ___________ coral in which they live.
zooxanthellae ; anthozoan
120
Both protostomes and deuterostomes have:
true muscles
121
C. elegans is a nematode worm that is a useful model organism in genetics. As a nematode, it has a(n) _______________. In genetic studies, individual genes can be “turned off” by using small pieces of siRNA to degrade a complementary mRNA, therefore, preventing ______________of a specific gene.
complete digestive tract / translation
122
At the eight-cell stage of embryonic development, mollusks have cells that are _________ and amphibians have cells that are _____________ .
determinate, indeterminate
123
Which of the following animals retains all of the chordate characteristics into adulthood?
Lancelets
124
Which of the following organisms is NOT a member of subphylum Vertebrata?
Lancelets
