Genetics Exam 1 - Quiz Flashcards
Quiz questions for exam 1 (Chp. 1 - 6)
Which of the following uses a genetic cross to determine patterns of inheritance?
transmission genetics
You work in a lab. You engineer a mutant mouse that doesn’t synthesize a protein important for breakdown of the sugar galactose and study of the results. What type of genetics are you?
Molecular geneticist
A cellular structure that contains genetic information is called a _____
chromosome
If a carbohydrate is going to be broken down for energy, which of the following molecules would be directly involved in the breakdown?
enzymes
Which one of the following is NOT one of the general classes of macromolecules that are necessary for cellular function?
ions
The differences in inherited traits among individuals in a population are called
genetic variation
you are a geneticist trying to understand why Tay-Sachs disease is more prevalent in Ashkenazi Jews compared to other groups of people. What level of biological organization are you studying?
population level
A species that contains two copies of each chromosome is called
diploid
performing a mating of two plants, one with a known genotype and the other with an unknown genotype, to determine the genotype of the individual with the unknown genotype would be an example of what type of science?
hypothesis testing
What is the first step that both scientists and students perform to answer questions in genetics
gathering background information
Which of the following would contain genetic material that is 100% idetnical?
sister chromatids
Cell division in prokaryotic cells is called ____, while in eukaryotic cells it is called _____
binary fission, mitosis
The location of a gene on a chromosome is called its
locus
Genes are physically located within
chromosomes
The end result of meiosis in animals is
four haploid cells
A cell from an organism that has a diploid number of 6 chromosomes has 3 chromosomes lined up in the center the cell, each chromosome containing two joined sister chromatids. What phase of the cell cycle is this cell in?
metaphase II of meiosis
Which of the following indicates the correct order of these events?
Prophase - Prometaphase - Metaphase - Anaphase - Telophase
Select the phase when the microtubules of the mitotic spindle attach to the kinetochores.
Prometaphase
In plants, spore production occurs by
meiosis
If the gametes of an organism are different morphologically, they are said to be __________.
heterogamous
What aspect of meiosis best explains Mendel’s law of independent assortment?
random alignment of different bivalents during Meiosis I
In a certain species of plants, red flowers (R) are dominant to pink flowers (r) and round leaves (L) are dominant to oval leaves (l). A plant with red flowers and round leaves is crossed to a plant with pink flowers and oval leaves. In the F1 generation, all of the plants have red flowers, but half of the plants have round leaves and half have oval leaves. What can we conclude about the parental plant with red flowers and round leaves?
The genotype of the plant with red flowers and round leaves is RRLl.
In a genetic cross, the _______ represent offspring with genetic combinations that were not found in the parental lines.
nonparentals
When Mendel crossed two plants that were heterozygous for a single trait, what was the genotypic ratio of their offspring?
1:2:1
In a Punnett square diagram, the outside of the box represents the _________.
haploid gametes
If two individuals with different distinct characteristics are mated, their offspring is called a _______.
hybrid
If over several generations a character does not vary in a group of organisms, that group can be called a _______.
true-breeding line
Which of the following would be used to determine the probability of three independent events in order?
product rule
Statistical analysis determines the _______ between observed data and what was expected from the original hypothesis.
goodness of fit
In a certain family pedigree, you observe that 7 of a couple’s 12 children display a disease trait. In the subsequent generation, some of the children of affected individuals have the disease, but none of the children of two unaffected parents do. You conclude that the disease is caused by a ______ allele.
dominant
The Lyon hypothesis attempts to explain the molecular mechanism of _____.
X-inactivation
Dosage compensation offsets the problems associated with differences in the number of _______ chromosomes in many species.
sex
The coat color of calico cats is a result of _____.
X-inactivation
An example of a mechanism in which sex is determined by environmental factors is
fertilized eggs incubated at one temperature produce males, whereas eggs incubated at a different temperature produce females.
In a Z-W system, which is considered to be the homogametic sex?
males
Sex determination in humans and Drosophila is similar in the fact that
males have one X chromosome and females have two X chromosomes.
Pseudoautosomal inheritance occurs when
a gene on a sex chromosome has the same inheritance pattern as a gene on an autosome.
Brown spotting of the teeth in humans is caused by a dominant X-linked gene. If a man with normal teeth marries a woman with brown teeth who had a father with normal teeth, then _______ of their daughters will have brown teeth.
50%
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (G6PDD) is an X-linked recessive disease. What is the probability that the brother of a girl with G6PDD will also have G6PDD if their mother is unaffected.
50%
Red-green colorblindness is a X-linked recessive trait in humans. If a woman who is a carrier for red-green colorblindness marries a normal male, what percent of their sons will be colorblind?
50%
Polydactyly in humans is an example of __________.
incomplete penetrance
The phenylketonuria phenotype in humans is an example of __________.
an environmental-influenced trait
Determine the genotypic and phenotypic ratios of a cross between a purple and white sweet pea above.
1 CcPP (purple) : 1 CcPp (purple) : 1 ccPP (white) : 1 ccPp (white)
The interaction of two genes to produce a phenotype was first described by __________.
Bateson and Punnett
In human blood groups, the fact that an individual can have an AB blood type is an example of ___________.
codominance
In four-o’clock plants, red flower color is dominant to white flower color. However, heterozygous plants have a pink color. If a pink-flowered plant is crossed with a white-flowered plant, what will be the phenotypic ratios of their offspring?
½ pink, ½ white
Genes that are not required for survival, but are likely to be beneficial to the organism, are called _________.
nonessential genes
In rabbits, full coat color (C ) is the dominant trait. A second allele, chinchilla (c ch ), is recessive to full coat color. Himalayan coat color (c h ) is recessive to chinchilla and full coat colors, and albino (c ) is recessive to all coat colors. If two chinchilla rabbits mate, what coat color is not possible in their offspring?
full coat color
If an allele is dominant in one sex and recessive in another, it is an example of ___________.
sex-influenced inheritance
The multiple effects of a single gene on the phenotype of an organism is called _______.
pleiotropy
The molecular explanation for imprinting in mammals involves differential _______ of various DNA regions.
methylation
An example of genomic imprinting is
Igf2 expression in mice.
The inheritance patterns of genetic material that is not contained in the nucleus of the cell is called _______.
both extranuclear inheritance and cytoplasmic inheritance
Heteroplasmy is associated with inheritance patterns involving _______.
chloroplasts
You are a geneticist studying a newly discovered genetic disorder. The disorder follows a pattern of maternal inheritance, and both male and female children are affected. Strangely, within a family, all the children are affected but to very different degrees. What could explain this variation?
The disorder is caused by a mitochondrial mutation and the variation is due to heteroplasmy.
Which of the following is true regarding mt genomes?
They are approximately 17,000 bp in length in humans.
In maternal effect, the _______ of the mother determines the _______ of the offspring.
genotype; phenotype
If a snail that has a right hand twist and is DD is mated to a snail that has a left hand twist and is dd what is the expected ratio of progeny?
It depends on which parent snail is female and which is male.
The symbiotic relationship where one organism lives inside another species is called
endosymbiosis.
Mitochondria are thought to have originated from ______, and chloroplasts likely arose from ______.
purple bacteria; cyanobacteria
