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Genetics > Final Review > Flashcards

Final Review Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Nucleotdies

A

Building blocks of DNA

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2
Q

Base pairs in DNA

A

A&T
C&G

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3
Q

Base pairs in RNA

A

A & U

C & G

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4
Q

Allele

A

An alternative form of a specific gene

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5
Q

Traits

A

Characteristics of an organism
Ex. a pea plant color, height, color of seed, etc.

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6
Q

Homologous chromosomes / homologs

A

Pair of chromosomes, one of which is from your mother and the other is from your father

One of the chromosomes in a pair of homologous chromsomes

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7
Q

Haploid

A

Refers to an organism of cells that contain 1 set of chromosomes

In humans this is our gametic cell

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8
Q

Diploid

A

Refers to an organism or cell that contains 2 sets of chromosomes

In humans, this is our somatic cells

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9
Q

Plant genome from seed to seedless

A

Diploids have seeds

Triploids do not have seeds

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10
Q

Sister Chromatids

A

Unit of two identical chromatids and a centromere

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11
Q

Homologous chromosomes

A

Pair of chromosomes, one of which is from your mother and the other is from your father

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12
Q

Homozygous

A

The same allele for a trait

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13
Q

Heterozygous

A

TWo different alleles for a trait

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14
Q

Dominant

A

AA or Aa

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15
Q

Genetic variation

A

The differences in inherited traits within a population

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16
Q

Mendelian ratios

A

Single trait ratios
Aa X Aa
- 25% AA, 50% Aa, 25% aa
-Genotypic ratio: 1:2:1
-Phenotypic ratio: 3:1

Two trait ratios
AaBb x AaBb
-phenotypic ratio: 9:3:3:1

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17
Q

Mendel’s law of independent assortment

A

Two different genes randomly assort their alleles during the process that gives rise to gametes

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18
Q

Dosage compensation

A

Refers to the phenomena in which levels of expression of many genes on the sex chromsome are similar in both sexes even though males and females have different sex chromosomes

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19
Q

Barr Bodies

A

Structure during the interphase nuclei of somatic cell of female mammals that is highly condensed X-X chromosome:

-XX has 1 barr body
-XY has 0 barr bodies
-XXY has 1 barr body
-XXX has 2 barr bodies

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20
Q

Z-W System

A

Bird sex determination
-ZZ = male (homogametic)
-ZW = female (heterogametic)

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21
Q

Feedback inhibition

A

Used to regulate / control enzymatic reactions, typically containing many steps

Can be positive or negative, most of the time it is negative feedback when we are talking about enzymes

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22
Q

Incomplete penetrance

A

This pattern occurs when the dominant phenotype is not expressed even though an individual carries a dominant allele

Ex. An individual with polydactyly allele (dominant) but has normal number of fingers

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23
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

This pattern occurs when the heterozygote has a phenotype that is the intermediate between corresponding homozygotes

Red=AA
White=aa
Pink=Aa

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24
Q

Codominance

A

Inheritance patterns occur when the heterozygote expresses both alleles simultaenously without forming an intermediate phenotype

Ex. AB blood type

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25
Q

Overdominance

A

When the heterozygote has a greater level of reproductive success than either homozygote

Ex. sickle cell anemia

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26
Q

Nondisjunction

A

Failure of chromosomes to separate correctly during anaphase

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27
Q

Trisomy

A

Contains an extra chromosome (2n + 1)

Ex. trisomy 21

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28
Q

Essential genes

A

Genes that encode for a protein that is considered necessary for survival

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29
Q

Nonessential genes

A

Not required for survival although likely beneficial

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30
Q

Lethal alleles

A

An allele that has the potential to cause death

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31
Q

Endosymbiosis

A

Describes a symbiotic relationship in which the symbiotic usually lives in the host

Ex. mitochondria and chloroplasts

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32
Q

Gene imprinting

A

Refers to a pattern of inheritance that involves a change in a single gene or chromosome during gametic formation.

Typically done by methylation

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33
Q

Maternal Effect

A

An inheritance pattern of certain nuclear genes in which the genotype of the mother directly determines the phenotype of her offspring

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34
Q

Snail coiling (maternal effect)

A

Based on mother genotype

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35
Q

Recombinant chromosomes

A

Refers to the combination of alleles or traits that are different than parents. It is a result of crossing over

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36
Q

What is the Hardy-Weinberg equation

A

p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1

p2=AA
2pq=Aa
q2=aa

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37
Q

Natural selection

A

The process by which differential fitness acts on the gene pool. when a mutation creates a new beneficial allele, the allele may become prevalent within the future generations, because the individuals with the allele will have greater reproductive success and survival

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38
Q

Genetic Drift

A

Mechanisms of evolution occurs when allele frequencies change over generations due to random chance

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39
Q

Translocation

A

When one segment of chromosomes becomes attached to a different part of the same chromosome

Can be an issue if the important genes that is euchromatin gets translocated to a section of heterochromatin which would cause the important gene to turn off

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40
Q

Terminal deletion

A

Loss of a segment from the end of the linear chromosome

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41
Q

Insertitial deletion

A

Loss of an internal segment from a linear chromosome

42
Q

Paracentric inversion

A

Centromere lies outside of the inverted region

43
Q

Pericentric inversion

A

The centromere lies within the inverted region of the chromosome

44
Q

Concordance values

A

For Siblings: 0.5
Idetical twins: 1.0
Parent of offspring: 0.5
Aunt/uncle: 0.25
Grandparents: 0.25

45
Q

Transduction

A

A virus that infects a bacterium and then transfers genetic material to bacteria

46
Q

Conjugation

A

Involves a direct physical interaction between two bacterial cells one bacterium to another

47
Q

Transformation

A

Is a process in which genetic material is released into the environment when a bacterial cell dies. this dead bacterial genetic material can then be taken up into the cell

48
Q

Hfr

A

Has fertility factor plasmid completely integrated into the host genome and can NOT form a sex pilus

49
Q

F+

A

Has a fertility plasmid not integrated into the host genome and can form a sex pilus

50
Q

F’

A

Has fertility plasmid integrated into the host genome and rarely from a sex pilus

51
Q

Prophage

A

Bacteriophage that integrates genetic material with the host genetic material

52
Q

Virulent phage

A

A bacteriophage that only has a lytic cycle as a means of reproduction

53
Q

Temperate phage

A

A bacteriophage that has both lytic and lysogenic cycles as a means of reproduction

54
Q

Episome

A

A segment of DNA such as a plasmid that can replicate independently of the chromosomal DNA and can integrate into the chromosome

55
Q

Reverse transcriptase

A

Used to convert RNA to DNA and used in viral integration like in HIV or in retro-transposition

56
Q

HIV

A

RNA Virus
Gets converted to DNA using reverse transcriptase, then gets integrated into the host cell using integrase enzyme

The virus is prone to many mutations which makes it very hard to treat due to it begin an RNA virus

57
Q

Transcription

A

Conversion of DNA to RNA

Can occur simultaneously with translation in prokaryotes (not eukaryotes)

58
Q

Translation

A

Conversion of RNA to protein

Can occur simultaneously with transcription in prokayotes (not eukaryotes)

59
Q

Conservative theory of DNA

A

After one round of replication, half of the new DNA double helices would be composed of completely old, or original, DNA and the other half would be completely new

60
Q

Semiconservative theory of DNA

A

After one round of replication, every new DNA double helix would be a hybrid that consisted of one strand of old DNA bound to one strand of newly synthesized DNA

61
Q

Dispersive theory of DNA

A

The original DNA double helix breaks apart into fragments, and each fragment then serves as a template for a new DNA fragment

62
Q

Retrotransposition

A

A transposable element that moves via transposition > transcribed into RNA then reverse transcriptase makes a second copy in DNA

63
Q

Levels of chromosome compaction

A

Nucleosomes
30mm fiber
Loop domains
Metaphase chromosomes

64
Q

Helicase

A

Unzips the DNA

65
Q

Topoisomerase

A

DNA Gyrase relaxes the supercoiling ahead of the replication fork

66
Q

DNA polymerase II

A

Synthesizes the DNA in the leading and lagging strand

67
Q

DNA ligase

A

Glues together the Okazaki fragments

68
Q

Double stranded binding proteins

A

Holds up the double stranded DNA to form the replication fork (makes sure the DNA bein duplicated does not rejoin during the duplication process

69
Q

Directionality and orientation of DNA

A

Always goes in the 5’ to 3’ direction when being synthesized. Is in the antisense confirmation

70
Q

Complementary DNA

A

5’ ATCGATCG 3’ is complimentary to

3’ TAGCTAGC 5’

71
Q

Introns

A

Non-coding sequences present in mRNA > do not lead to any protein production

72
Q

Exons

A

Functional or coding sequences present in mRNA > leads to protein production (Gene expression)

73
Q

Alternative splicing

A

The phenomenon that pre-mRNA can be spliced in more than one way. Allows you to make more than one gene product (protein) with just one gene

74
Q

mRNA modifications

A

5’ cap and poly A tail

75
Q

tRNA

A

RNA molecule that carries the amino acids that correspond to codons in the mRNA. A tRNA molecule has an anticodon to pair with specific tri-nucleotides sequences

76
Q

Shine-Dalgarno sequence

A

Ribosomal-binding site that facilitates the binding of mRNA to the 30s subunit

77
Q

Kozak sequence

A

Like the Shine-Dalgarno sequence but for eukaryotes

78
Q

Mutation

A

A change in DNA sequence and must be inheritable

79
Q

Genetic Testing

A

Genetic testing for individuals looking to see if there is a genetic abnormality

80
Q

Genetic screening

A

Genetic testing for a population-wide. basis for genetic abnormalityA

81
Q

Amniocentesis

A

A type of genetic testing (individual) where amino fluid is sampled to look at fetal genetic abnormalities

82
Q

Environmental mutagens

A

Mutagens outside the body, include UV rays, Gamma Rays and X-Rays

83
Q

CpG Islands

A

Clusters of Cytosine and Guanine associated with epigenetic via methylation of cytosines

84
Q

Constitutive

A

Means to be expressed continuously at constant levels of expression

85
Q

Repressor proteins

A

Proteins used in a negative feedback loops. Repress/prevent the transcription of certain genes

86
Q

Tumor suppressor genes

A

Inhibit cell growth and division. Protect us from cancer

87
Q

Oncogenes

A

Promote cell growth and division. Result in cancer

88
Q

Beneficial mutations

A

Mutations that are good for an organism. Typically leads to better reproductive success

89
Q

Conditional mutation

A

Mutations that depend on the environment like temperature

90
Q

Deleterious mutation

A

Mutations that are not good, and can be detrimental to the organism

91
Q

Silent mutation

A

Mutation in which the codon for an amino acid gets changed, but due to the degenerate nature of codons still codes fro the same amino acid

92
Q

Euchromatin

A

Less condensed regions of chromosomes, transcriptionally active

93
Q

Heterochromatin

A

Tightly compacted regions of chromosomes, generally transcriptionally inactive

94
Q

Antisense RNA

A

An RNA strand that is complementary to mRNA (creates double-stranded RNA which prevents translation)

95
Q

Mutagens

A

An agent that causes alterations in the structure of DNA

96
Q

Methylation of Histones

A

Makes the DNA associate more with the histones (DNA is now more tight around the histones) Crates a closed chromatin conformation

97
Q

Acetylation of histones

A

Makes the DNA associate less with the histones (DNA is now less tight around the histones) and helps to create open chromatin and conformation

98
Q

Activators

A

Proteins taht bind to enhancer regions

99
Q

Enhancers

A

Regions where activators bind

100
Q

Repressors

A

Proteins that bind to the silencing regions

101
Q

Silencers

A

Regions where repressors bind

Genetics (11 decks)

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