Genetics Chapter 11

Question 1

live R

Answer 1

mouse lives

Question 2

dead S and live R

Answer 2

mice died

Question 3

R cells

Answer 3

(Non virulent) Non-pathogenic, harmless

Question 4

R cells DNase and S DNA

Answer 4

nothing

Question 5

R cells, S DNA and protease

Answer 5

transformed smooth

Question 6

Nucleotides parts

Answer 6

sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base

Question 7

four criteria of genetic material

Answer 7

information, transmission, replication, variation

Question 8

composition of genetic material

Answer 8

-DNA
-RNA
-proteins

Question 9

live S

Answer 9

dead mouse

Question 10

dead S

Answer 10

Mice lived, no bacteria found

Question 11

R cells and S DNA

Answer 11

mix, transformed smooth

Question 12

R cells RNase and S DNA

Answer 12

transformed smooth

Question 13

nucleic acids

Answer 13

DNA and RNA

Question 14

DNA backbone

Answer 14

deoxyribose sugar and phosphate

Question 15

James Watson and Francis Crick

Answer 15

discovered the structure of DNA

Question 16

Chargaff’s Rule

Answer 16

A=T and C=G

Question 17

Griffith’s experiment

Answer 17

genetic material could be transferred between dead bacteria and living bacteria
-two stains, rough and smooth

Question 18

bacterial transformation

Answer 18

Griffith concluded that something from the dead type S was transforming the type R into type S

Question 19

MacLeod and McCarty

Answer 19

fractioned type S bacterial cells into major constituents, DNA RNA cabs and proteins

Question 20

Mechanism of bacterial transformation

Answer 20

1. DNA fragments bind to cell surface
2. extracellular endonuclease cuts DNA into fragments
3. single DNA strand is imported into cell by uptake system
4. DNA strand aligns with homologous sequence
5. DNA recombines into bacterial chromosome
6. the DNA heterocomplex is repaired so that lys allele is now wild type

Question 21

Hershey-Chase Experiment

Answer 21

confirmed that DNA is the genetic material because only radiolabeled DNA could be found in bacteriophage-infected bacteria

Question 22

Bacteriophage T2

Answer 22

-composed of DNA and protein
-phage coat remains on outside of chromosome
-only genetic material enters the cytoplasm

Question 23

DNA structure

Answer 23

-long chains of nucleotides
-twisted into a double helix
-joined by hydrogen bonds between the complementary bases adenine and thymine or cytosine and guanine
-interacts with proteins to form chromosomes

Question 24

DNA strands

Answer 24

-phosphate connects two sugars
-creates 5’ to 3’

Question 25

Linus Pauling

Answer 25

Discovered the alpha helix structure of proteins, thought DNA was triple stranded

Question 26

Rosalin Franklin

Answer 26

-Used X-ray diffraction to determine the shape of the DNA molecule -heliac structure -two side for single-stranded helix -10 base pairs per turn of the helix

Question 27

xray diffraction

Answer 27

when DNA is subjected to X-rays they produce a diffraction pattern that reveals the regular structure of the molecule

Question 28

ball and stick model

Answer 28

-Watson and crick -test predictions based on the available data

Question 29

DNA double helix

Answer 29

-DNA polymer strands held together by H bonds -A-T: 2 H bons -G-C: 3 H-bonds

Question 30

complementary strands

Answer 30

-two nucleotide chains of the DNA molecule -anti-parallel (5' to 3' and 3' to 5') -right handed helix -has major and minor groves

Question 31

B DNA

Answer 31

Right-handed helical structure of DNA that exists when water is abundant

Question 32

Z DNA

Answer 32

-another form of DNA -has zig-zag appearance - left handed helix -turns every 12th base pair - unstable

Question 33

RNA structure

Answer 33

-sugar: ribose -bases: adenine, guanine, uracil (instead of thymine), cytosine -strands: single stranded, can form double-stranded helical regions -typically right handed -have 11 to 12 base pairs (more than DNA) -tertiary structure