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Gr. 11 Bio > Genetics Chap 4 > Flashcards

Genetics Chap 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Chromosome

A

The thing in the nucleus that makes DNA

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2
Q

Sister Chromatid

A

One part of the x, but one chromosome that is identical and held together by the centromere

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3
Q

Centromere

A

The thing that holds the chromosomes together

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4
Q

Gene

A

Part of the chromosome that controls what traits come through and are passed along to the next generation

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5
Q

Genome

A

The complete set of DNA of an organism

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6
Q

Homologous chromosome

A

A chromosome that has the exact same pattern of genes as another chromosome, they’re a pair. One from mom, one from dad.

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7
Q

Sex chromosome

A

X and Y chromosomes in charge of the sex
They’re the 23rd pair

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8
Q

Autosome

A

The other 22 non sex chromosomes

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9
Q

Allele

A

A different version of a gene for a trait found always on the same spot on a chromosome

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10
Q

Karyotype

A

photos of pairs of homologous chromosomes in a cell

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11
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

It only needs one parent to reproduce and creates genetically identical offspring. ex: bacteria

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12
Q

Sexual Reproduction

A

Needs two parents to give an x and a y to make a genetically unique offspring

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13
Q

Gamete

A

Male or female reproductive cell

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14
Q

Zygote

A

A cell formed by the fusion of two gametes
(egg n sperm)

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15
Q

Fertilization

A

when male and female haploid gametes join together and make a zygote

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16
Q

Haploid

A

a cell that has half the number of chromosomes as a parent cell after meiosis

17
Q

Diploid

A

a cell that contains a pair of homologous chromosomes

18
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

process that produces male gametes or sperm in mammals

19
Q

Oogenesis

A

process that produces female gametes or eggs in mammals involves an unequal division of cytoplasm

20
Q

Non-disjunction

A

when homologous chromsome pairs or sister chromatids fail to separate during meiosis

21
Q

Monosomy

A

when you lose a chromosome to non-disjunction

22
Q

Trisomy

A

when you get an extra chromosome from non-disjunction

23
Q

Deletion

A

a piece of the chromosome is deleted

24
Q

Duplication

A

a sections of the chromosome appears 2 or 3 times in a row

25
Q

Inversion

A

a section of the chromosome is inverted

26
Q

Translocation

A

a segment of one chromosome becomes attached to a different chromosome

27
Q

Independent assortment

A

random assortment of homologous chromosome pairs

28
Q

Selective breeding

A

breeding plants and animals for the traits you want

29
Q

artificial insemination

A

sperm is collected before being transferred to a female’s reproductive system

30
Q

IVF

A

technique used to fertilize egg cells outside the body, called petri dish kids

31
Q

Prophase I

A

Homologous chromosomes line up in synapsis, then they cross over and exchange genetic material

32
Q

Meta I

A

Pairs of homologous chromosomes line up in pairs side by side and spindle fibers attach

33
Q

Anaphase I

A

Homologous chromosomes are pulled to different sides of the cell but together. centromeres do not split. Chromosome number is split from 2n diploid to n haploid

34
Q

Telophase I

A

chromosomes begin to uncoil and spindle fibers dissapear. Cytokinesis happens and then two cells form, each of the cells now a haploid with 23 chromosomes

35
Q

Meiosis II

A

same but now the cell that does meiosis is a haploid. in meta 2 they line up like in mitosis and then they split into 4 haploid cells.

36
Q

Key outcomes of meiosis

A

Genetic reduction: meiosis produces daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell
Genetic recombination: Products of meiosis have different combos of alleles. genetic recombination makes the offspring different from its parent, and makes the population unique genetically

37
Q

synapsis

A

pairing of two homologous chromosomes

Gr. 11 Bio (4 decks)

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