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gr. 11 bio > Diversity > Flashcards

Diversity Flashcards

1
Q

Criteria of life?

A

-Made of Cells
-They consume energy (metabolism)
-They maintain their own internal environment (respond)
-They are able to reproduce on their own
-They grow/age

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2
Q

What is a species?

A

Living Things
-Morphological species concepts
-Biology species concept
-Phylogenetic species concept

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3
Q

Morphology species concepts = shape

A

-Things that have similar shape/structures
What advantages does this system have?
-Easy to differentiate
-You don’t need to have a very deep understanding
Disadvantages
-Simple
-You could be wrong because you look the same

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4
Q

Biological Species Concept = viable and fertile offspring

A

-Things that are able to reproduce with each other under natural conditions and produce viable offspring
Advantages
-Less subjective
-Not difficult to observe

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5
Q

Phylogenetic Species Concept = evolution and ancestry

A

-Often based in DNA
Advantages
-Complex
Disadvantages
-Complex

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6
Q

Why do we need to name specific species?

A

-Uses a two part name for every species:
Taxonomy and nomenclature

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7
Q

Heirocler Classification

A

-A system of classification that arranges species in categories, from broadest to most specific

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8
Q

The three domains

A

-Bacteria
-Archaea
-Eukarya

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9
Q

D
K
P
C
O
F
G
S

A

Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

Only 8 ranks
The number of species in each taxon gets smaller as you move into narrow categories, and the final two categories are what makes up its proper name; the last two taxons are used for binomial nomenclature.

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10
Q

The main types of evidence - relatedness

A

-Anatomical (Bone, tendon, ligaments)
-Physiological (organ systems, metabolisms)
-DNA

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11
Q

Anatomical Evidence

A

Conserved arrangement of bones indicates a shared evolutionary history.
Human, Cat , Whale , Bat

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12
Q

Physiological Evidence

A

Physiology looks are the internal stuff, physical and chemical that their bodies produce and using that to figure out genetic similarity or difference.
Ex: Guinea pigs are no longer considered rodents and are in a totally different order.

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13
Q

DNA Evidence

A

Each individual has a unique DNA sequence, and species share a vast majority of their DNA. We can compare the similarities of these DNA sequences to determine relationships and relatedness. E.g our DNA is more similar to that of a fungi than plants.

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14
Q

Types of Biodiversity

A

-Species diversity
-Genetic diversity
-Ecosystem diversity

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15
Q

Quick review

A

Species - refer back to everything else
Population - a group of a single species that live in the same area and interbreed
Community - the group of all the populations that live in the same area and interact
Ecosystem - all the biotic and abiotic factors that interact in one area
Biosphere

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16
Q

Species diversity

A

Species diversity reflects the abundance and the variety of species in a given community.

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17
Q

Species Richness

A

number of different species (i.e, variety)

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18
Q

Genetic diversity

A

The variety of heritable characteristics (genes) in a population of interbreeding individuals.
All the genes of every organism in a population is the gene pool. The variety of those genes is the genetic diversity.
You can transplant organs from cheetahs to another because they’re so similar genetically
Diversity supports resilience!

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19
Q

Ecosystem diversity

A

The largest scale of diversity, referring to the variety of ecosystems in the biosphere.

20
Q

Ecosystem Services

A

Things that ecosystems provide to living things around it
Like forestry or ecotourism or the production of oxygen

21
Q

Structure of a virus

A

Capsid
-Outer layer of proteins
Genetic material
-DNA or RNA
-genes to form new capsid and reception site
Difference between DNA and RNA is what the type of sugar they’re attached to is

22
Q

Virus stuff

A

The organism whose cells the virus invades is called the host.
Viruses are specific, you won’t get a cold from your dog.
Viruses are classified by the size and shape of this protein coat.
Viral particles have proteins on their capsids that trick our own cells into letting them in.

23
Q

Virus Reproduction

A

-No cellular division
-Cellular replication instead
Need a host cell
2 different reproduction cycles depending on the type of virus

24
Q

Lytic Cycle

A

1.Attachment
2.Penetration
3.Biosynthesis
4.Maturation
5.Lysis

25
Q

Lysogenetic Cycle

A

Integrates itself into your DNA, an enzyme inserts itself and then becomes dormant.
The cells do mitosis, and then when the DNA replicates, it replicates the viral DNA.

Provirus: When the viral DNA enters a healthy cell and is replicated, the cell becomes infected permanently
The DNA that has become part of the host chromosome

Retrovirus:
HIV
Viruses that contain a certain enzyme that causes the host cell to copy viral RNA into DNA

26
Q

Bacteria and Archaea

A

-Two groups are then more different from each other than groups belonging to the same domain (e.g. an apple tree and a whale)
-We distinguish the classification of the two domains of prokaryotes thanks to their different cell membrane

There is a molecule found only in one domain cell membrane out of bacteria and eukarya that make them soooo different.

27
Q

Comparing morphology (bacteria and archea)

A

-Bacteria and archea bacteria exist in 3 common forms
Cocci (spherical or near spherical shape peas)
Bacilli (Rod-like shape mikenike)
Spiral (Spiral Shape like twirly rope)

28
Q

Comparing habitats

A

-Many archaea are extremophiles (extreme conditions)
-Most bacteria are mesophiles (moderate conditions)

29
Q

Habitats of extremophiles

A

-Deep sea vents and hot springs
-Thermophile (heat lover)
-Volcanic craters and mine drainage lakes
-Acidophile (acid lover)
-Salt lakes and inland seas
-Halophiles (salt lover)

30
Q

Comparing reproduction

A

-No mitosis or meiosis
-Binary fission - a form of asexual reproduction used by most prokaryotes in which one cell divides into two genetically identical cells
-Conjugation - the direct transfer of genetic material between two cells

31
Q

Plasmids (little add ons with very specific genes that can join if they want)

A

-In most prokaryotes, genes are not found just in the chromosomes (remember: only one chromosome per cell)
-Plasmids are small loops of DNA that contain genes separate (and different) from the main chromosome
-Plasmids can detach from the chromosome and rejoin or they can be passed on during conjugation

32
Q

Endospores

A

-A latent bacteria cell that can survive long periods of time in extreme conditions (goes into very low power mode)
-Mde by certains species of bacteria when environmental conditions threaten their survival
-When conditions return to normal, the endospore disentegrates and becomes an active bacteria again
-Not yet found in archaea

33
Q

Classifying and Identifying Archaea and Bacteria

A

-The gram stain technique
-Sie and shape, nutrition, movement etc.
-Comparing DNA

34
Q

Gram Stain

A

Gram +
Gram positive bacteria have a thick layer of proteins on their wall and display a purple colour
Gram -
Gram negative bacteria have a thin layer of protein on their wall and display a pink colour

35
Q

Bacteria and Human Health

A

-The normal course of bacterial life= food deterioration and disease transmission
-For example Streptococcus pyogenes is a gram-positive bacteria that causes certain throat infections

36
Q

Heterotroph

A

Cannot produce it’s own food and gets it from consuming other organisms

37
Q

Autotroph

A

Organism that captures energy to produce it’s own food

38
Q

Sexual/Asexual Reproduction

A

Asexual: Pretty much copies it’s own dna and itself
Sexual:Takes genetc material from both it’s parents and is unique

39
Q

Prokaryotic

A

simple type of cell doesn’t have nucleus

40
Q

Eukaryotic

A

complex cell with nucleus

41
Q

Methanogenesis

A

A metabolism that archea by living in the digestive system of animals does that produces methane

42
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Unique to bacteria they use solsr energy to convert carbon dioxyde and water into sugar

43
Q

Binary Fission

A

the asexual way of replicating itself into two identical cells

44
Q

Conjugaison

A

transfer of genetic material between bacteria

45
Q

Gene pool

A

All the genes of every organism in a population is the gene pool.

gr. 11 bio (4 decks)

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