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Year 7 Science 23/24 > Genetics and Reproduction > Flashcards

Genetics and Reproduction Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The differences in characteristics between individuals of the samespeciesis known as….

A

Variation

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2
Q

What type of variation is passed on from parents to offspring, via genes during reproduction

A

Genetic

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3
Q

Variation which is the result of differences in the surroundings, or what an individual does.

A

Environmental

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4
Q

Give three examples of genetic variation

A

blood group, natural skin colour and natural eye colour, free or attached earlobes (there are more - check your Science booklet for examples)

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5
Q

Give three examples of environmental variation

A

Scars, tattoos, hair length (there are more - check your Science booklet for examples)

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6
Q

How do you know blood group is a genetic (inherited) and not environmental characteristic?

A

You are born with a particular blood group
It cannot change during your life
Your lifestyle does not affect your blood group

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7
Q

In which part of the cell is genetic information found?

A

Nucleus

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8
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes do (most) human cells contain

A

23

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9
Q

What are chromosomes made of?

A

DNA (a long molecule)

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10
Q

A short section of DNA that codes for specific features is known as what?

A

Gene

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11
Q

How do we describe the structure of DNA?

A

Double helix

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12
Q

How many versions of each gene do we have?

A

2

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13
Q

What are different versions of the same gene known as?

A

Alleles

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14
Q

A person has genotype Hh - which letter represents the dominant allele and which represents the recessive allele

A

H - dominant. h - recessive

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15
Q

In cats - H represents long hair and h short hair. Cat 1 has genotype Hh, cat 2 also has genotype Hh - what is the chance their offspring will have short hair?

A

25% - possible combinations are HH (long hair), Hh (long hair), hH (long hair), hh (short hair) - you can use a punnet square to work this out

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16
Q

Rosalind Franklin is a famous scientist - what is she best known for?

A

Her research leading to the discovery of the structure of DNA

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17
Q

Name the scientists who won the Nobel prize for the discovery of the structure of DNA

A

James Watson, Francis Crick and Maurice Wilkins

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18
Q

What is 1?

A

Fallopian tube/oviduct

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19
Q

What is the purpose of the fallopian tube?

A

Transport the egg from the ovary to the uterus

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20
Q

What kind of cells are found in the fallopian tube that help the egg move through it?

A

Ciliated cells/cilia

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21
Q

What is 2?

A

Ovary

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22
Q

What is the purpose of the ovary?

A

Stores and releases egg cells

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23
Q

What is 3?

A

Cervix

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24
Q

What is the cervix?

A

This is a narrow opening between the vagina and uterus

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25
Q

What is 4?

A

Uterus

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26
Q

In which part of the female reproductive system does a foetus develop?

A

Uterus

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27
Q

What is 5?

A

Vagina

28
Q

What is 1?

A

Scrotum

29
Q

What is 3?

A

Urethra

30
Q

What fluid/s can be transported in a male urethra?

A

Urine or semen

31
Q

What fluid/s can be transported in a female urethra?

A

Urine only

32
Q

What is the purpose of the glands (part 4?)

A

Add fluid to the sperm to make semen. The fluid provides nutrition for the sperm to give it the energy it requires to swim

33
Q

What is 6?

A

Sperm duct

34
Q

What is 7?

A

Testis (2 are called testes)

35
Q

What is the purpose of the testes?

A

Production of sperm

36
Q

What hormone is produced by the testes?

A

Testosterone

37
Q

What hormones are produced by the ovaries?

A

Oestrogen and progesterone

38
Q

Why are the testes outside of the body?

A

Lower temperature is better for sperm production

39
Q

What is the period of life called between childhood and adulthood

A

Adolescence

40
Q

What is puberty?

A

the period during which adolescents reach sexual maturity and become capable of reproduction.

41
Q

What controls the changes that happen during puberty?

A

Hormones (in males - testosterone, in females - oestrogen and progesterone)

42
Q

Give 3 examples of male changes during puberty

A

voice breaks, hair grows on face and body, body becomes more muscular, testes start to produce sperm, pubic and underarm hair grows, sexual organs grow and develop

43
Q

Give 3 examples of female changes during puberty

A

pubic and underarm hair grows, sexual organs grow and develop, voice deepens gradually, hips get wider, breasts develop, menstruation starts

44
Q

The menstrual cycle is approximately how many days long?

A

28

45
Q

What happens on the first day of the menstrual cycle?

A

Menstruation (period) starts

46
Q

What is menstruation (a period)?

A

The lining of the uterus comes away and exits through the vagina as blood.

47
Q

What is ovulation?

A

When an egg is released by an ovary into the oviduct.

48
Q

Approximately when during the menstrual cycle does ovulation occur?

A

Middle of the cycle (day 14)

49
Q

What happens to the lining of the uterus if the egg is not fertilised?

A

It breaks down

50
Q

What happens to the lining of the uterus if the egg is fertilised?

A

It does not break down

51
Q

What is sexual reproduction?

A

The process of bringing together the egg and the sperm

52
Q

What is fertilisation?

A

The process in which the nucleus of a sperm cell joins with the nucleus of an egg cell

53
Q

Describe the journey of the sperm through the male and female reproductive system (list the parts it must pass through)

A

Testis - sperm duct - male urethra - penis - vagina - cervix - uterus - oviduct

54
Q

Describe 2 sperm adaptations that help it perform its function

A

Tail - helps them swim to the egg.

Mitochondria - helps give the sperm energy.

Digestive enzymes - help the sperm penetrate the egg cell membrane.

Streamlined shape - help the sperm break down the egg’s outer layer.

55
Q

Describe egg adaptations that help it perform its function (fertilisation)

A

Jelly coating- helps by only letting in one sperm.

Nutrients - act as a food source for the developing foetus.

56
Q

How do non-identical twins occur?

A
57
Q

How do identical twins occur?

A
58
Q

What do we call the period of foetel development from conception to birth?

A

Gestation

59
Q

What is formed when the sperm nucleus fuses with the egg nucleus?

A

Zygote

60
Q

After cell division, what does a zygote then form?

A

Embryo

61
Q

After further cell division, what does an embryo become?

A

Foetus

62
Q

How long is the human gestation period?

A

40 weeks

63
Q

What are 2 functions of the placenta

A

Provide nutrients (food and water) to the developing foetus
Provide oxygen to the developing foetus (for respiration)
Waste substance (e.g. carbon dioxide) removal.

64
Q

Where is testosterone produced?

A

In the testes

65
Q

What is 2?

A

Penis

Year 7 Science 23/24 (7 decks)

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