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Science Year 9 > Genetics And Inheritance > Flashcards

Genetics And Inheritance Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the the function of a cell membrane?

A

controls what enters and leaves the cell

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2
Q

What is the the function of the nucleus?

A

contains the DNA (chromosomes)

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3
Q

What is chromosome?

A

a strand/piece of DNA

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4
Q

What is the function of cytoplasm?

A

Where chemical reactions take place

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5
Q

What is the function of mitochondria?

A

where respiration occurs

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6
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

site of protein synthesis in the cell

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7
Q

What is the function of the cell wall?

A

supports the structure of the cell

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8
Q

What is the function of chloroplasts?

A

Contains chlorophyll which is needed for photosynthesis

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9
Q

What is the function of the permanent vacuole?

A

Filled with cell sap to help keep the cell turgid (swollen and hard)

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10
Q

Where is DNA found?

A

inside the nucleus

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11
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

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12
Q

What is variation?

A

The difference between individuals of the same species

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13
Q

What are the 2 types of variation?

A

Genetic and Environmental

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14
Q

What is DNA?

A

the chemical molecule in the nucleus that carries our genetic code

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15
Q

What is the role of DNA?

A

it codes for our characteristics. eg. eye colour

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16
Q

How is DNA arranged?

A

strands called chromosomes

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17
Q

How much chromosomes does a normal human body cell have?

A

46

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18
Q

How much chromosomes do human sex cells have?

A

23

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19
Q

Genetic material is stored in the __________ of all cells. This material is called __________. It contains information needed to make an organism

A

Nucleus, DNA

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20
Q

DNA is arranged into strands called ______________.

A

chromosomes

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21
Q

You have ___ chromosomes in each cell, arranged into 23 ____

A

46, pairs

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22
Q

Half the chromosomes come from ____ and half from ____

A

mum, dad

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23
Q

What is it when the egg cell and sperm cell fuse?

A

fertilisation

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24
Q

What is a zygote?

A

a cell formed by fertilization

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25
Q

What is an embryo?

A

The initial stage of development of an organism

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26
Q

What is a gene?

A

A section of a chromosome that codes for a particular characteristic

27
Q

What is chromosome?

A

A threadlike structure made up of protein and a single molecule of DNA.

28
Q

What is an allele?

A

We inherit two forms of genes (one from mum and one from dad). Each form of gene is called an allele.

29
Q

What is a dominant allele?

A

Expressed even if only one of the alleles is dominant. eg. BB or Bb

30
Q

What is a recessive allele?

A

Expressed only if there are 2 recessive alleles. eg. bb

31
Q

What are homozygous alleles?

A

When an individual has 2 identical alleles. eg. TT, tt

32
Q

What are heterozygous alleles?

A

When an individual has 2 different alleles. eg Tt

33
Q

What is a genotype?

A

Describes the the alleles of an individual. eg. BB, Tt, ss

34
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

Describes the physical appearance of an individual. eg. brown eyes, tall, curly hair

35
Q

What is nature vs nurture?

A

A debate between the influence of genetics (nature) and social environments (nurture) on the development of individual and which one is more dominant

36
Q

What chromosomes does a male have?

A

XY

37
Q

What chromosomes does a female have?

A

XX

38
Q

Is a dominant allele represented by a lowercase of capital letter?

A

capital

39
Q

Is a recessive allele represented by a lowercase of capital letter?

A

lowercase

40
Q

What is a gamete?

A

A reproductive/sex cell. The female sex cell is the egg cell and the male sex sell is the sperm cell

41
Q

What are the two types of sperm cell?

A

X and Y

42
Q

What are the two types of egg cell?

A

X and X

43
Q

Is cystic fibrosis a dominant or recessive gene ?

A

recessive

44
Q

Is polydactyl a dominant or recessive gene?

A

dominant

45
Q

What is cystic fibrosis?

A

-a disorder of cell membranes
-caused by a defective gene inherited from parents
-lungs produce a thick mucus that leads to blockages in air passages and chest infections
-mucus also occurs in pancreas which causes digestive problems
-you need two recessive alleles to get it

46
Q

What is polydactyl?

A

-a genetic disorder of the 7th chromosome
-results in extra fingers or toes
-means extra digits
-you only need one dominant allele in order to get it

47
Q

What is screening?

A

testing people for the presence of a particular allele or other genetic abnormality

48
Q

What is selective breeding?

A

Changing the characteristics of animals or plants by selecting which members of a species you want to breed

49
Q

What is the process of selective breeding?

A

-select 2 parents who show high levels of a characteristic you want
-breed them
-select the offspring that shows high levels of the desired characteristic
-repeat this for many generations until the offspring shows high levels of the desired characteristic

50
Q

What is selective breeding also known as?

A

Artificial breeding

51
Q

What are the advantages to selective breeding?

A

-higher economic gains
-eliminating disease
-creates new varieties of crops
-does not involve genetic modification
-produces fitter stronger animals
-can change the evolution of a species

52
Q

What are the disadvantages to selective breeding?

A

-animal discomfort
-loss of variety and variation (inbreeding)
-no control of genetic mutations
-lower gene pool

53
Q

What is genetic engineering?

A

A process that involves modifying the genome of an organism by introducing a gene from another organism to give a desired characteristic

54
Q

What is a genome?

A

the 23 pairs of chromosomes located in the cell’s nucleus

55
Q

What are GM crops

A

Genetically modified crops. Crops that have been through genetic engineering

56
Q

What are the advantages of genetic engineering?

A

-manufacturing insulin
-crops produce greater yield
-finding out where genes are expressed in the body
-crops resistant to disease and pests
-improving diet in developing countries
-it only takes 1 generation

57
Q

What are the disadvantages of genetic engineering?

A

-the plant/animal can breed with wild plants/animals
-people don’t know the long term effects
-people feel that it is unethical

58
Q

How is insulin manufactured?

A

-DNA taken from a human cell

-use an enzyme to cut/isolate the required gene from the DNA

-use a different enzyme to cut the plasmid of a bacterial cell

-use an enzyme to cut a section of DNA from the plasmid insert the gene for insulin into the plasmid

-use another enzyme to join the ends of the DNA

-put the plasmid with the insulin gene back into a bacterial cell

-leave the bacteria to divide

-insulin is removed and purified

-it is ready to use

59
Q

What is cloning?

A

making a genetically identical copy of an individual

60
Q

Which is easier to clone: mammals or plants?

A

plants

61
Q

What is the process of cloning?

A

-take a normal body cell from the organism to be cloned and keep the nucleus

-take an egg cell from another organism and remove the nucleus (and discard it)

-insert the nucleus of the normal body cell into the empty egg cell

-electric shock is given to simulate cell division

-implant the embryo into the uterus of a surrogate organism to develop a clone

62
Q

There are ethical arguments for and against human cloning. What reasons could be used to argue for human cloning?

A

-produces valuable tissues and organs that could be used to save peoples lives
-could cure diseases
-help those who are infertile
-could help the medical research into diseases

63
Q

There are ethical arguments for and against human cloning. What reasons could be used to argue against human cloning?

A

-may produce more diseases in the natural world
-shows no respect for human life
-human life will be no longer unique
-playing God
-deformed failure clones

64
Q

Organize the parts of a nucleus from largest to smallest

A

-nucleus
-chromosomes
-DNA
-genes

Science Year 9 (7 decks)

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