Genetics and Inheritance Flashcards
What is a gene? (1)
A section of DNA that codes for a specific polypeptide
What is the genotype? (2)
The genetic constitution of an organism. All the alleles that an organism possesses
What is the gene pool? (1)
All the alleles within an interbreeding population (at a specific time)
What is a population? (1)
All the individuals of the same species that occupy the same habitat at the same time
What is the phenotype? (2)
The expression of its genetic constitution and its interaction with the environment
What is an allele? (1)
Different version of the same gene
What are multiple alleles and what does this produce? (2)
More than 2 alleles for the same gene. This produces a hierarchy of dominance
What is the genome? (1)
The full sequence of genetic material within a cell/organism
What is a dominant allele? (1)
Always expressed in the phenotype regardless of whether an organism’s genotype is homozygous or heterozygous
What is a recessive allele? (1)
Only expressed in the phenotype if the genotype is homozygous
What are codominant alleles? (1)
Both alleles equally expressed within the phenotype
Diploid meaning
Two copies of a gene
Haploid meaning
One copy of a gene
What is the expected offspring ratio of monohybrid inheritance from heterozygous parents
3:1
What is the expected offspring ratio of codominance inheritance from heterozygous parents
1:2:1
What is the expected offspring ratio of dihybrid inheritance from heterozygous parents
9:3:3:1
What is the expected offspring ratio of epistasis inheritance from heterozygous parents
9:4:3 or 15:1 or 9:7
What is the expected offspring ratio of autosomal linkage inheritance from heterozygous parents
3:1 if no crossing over
What is allelic frequency?
The number of times an allele occurs within a gene pool
Hardy-Weinberg Principle for the frequency of the dominant and recessive allele?
P + q = 1.0
Hardy-Weinberg Principle for the frequency of all individuals?
P2 + 2Pq + q2 = 1.0
What does Hardy-Weinberg principle predict?
The allelic frequency (of a particular gene) from one generation to the next will remain constant if there is no migration, gene mutations or selection for or against a particular allele
There should be a large population and mating within the population should be random
Exam Question - what does the Hardy-Weinberg principle predict?
The allelic frequency of a particular gene will remain constant from one generation to the next, providing:
- mating is random
- there are no mutations
- there is a large population
- there is no migration
- there is no natural selection
What is monohybrid inheritance? (1)
Inheritance of a single gene which determines a single characteristic