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Biology > Genetics and Evolution Test > Flashcards

Genetics and Evolution Test Flashcards

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1
Q

Dominant trait

A

This type of trait shows up whenever the gene is present. Represented by a capital letter

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2
Q

Recessive Trait

A

This type of trait shows up only when two copies of the gene are present. It will not show up if a dominant gene is present. Represented by a lowercase letter

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3
Q

DNA

A

A long, thin molecule that stores a code that holds the instructions on how to make the parts of a cell and every living thing.

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4
Q

Gene

A

A section of a chromosome that codes for a specific trait.

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5
Q

Trait

A

A physical characteristic of an organism or cell controlled by genes. Examples: Hair color; Type 1 diabetes; Blood type

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6
Q

Chromosome

A

A single piece of DNA in the nucleus of a cell. Cells may have many chromosomes.

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7
Q

46 Chromosomes

A

The number of chromosomes in a typical human cell

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8
Q

23 Pairs of Chromosomes

A

Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes, totaling 46. They are often thought of in pairs because human sex cells each have 23. They are paired up during fertilization.

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9
Q

Heterozygous

A

The alleles (letters) are different for heterozygous traits Bb

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10
Q

Homozygous

A

The alleles (letters) are the same for homozygous traits BB or bb

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11
Q

Purebred

A

Means the same as Homozygous: The alleles (letters) are the same for this trait. BB or bb

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12
Q

Hybrid

A

Means the same as Heterozygous: The alleles (letters) are different for this trait. Bb

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13
Q

BB

A

Homozygous Dominant: Homozygous because the letters are the same and dominant because they are both big.

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14
Q

bb

A

Homozygous Recessive: Homozygous because the letters are the same and recessive because they are both lowercase.

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15
Q

Bb

A

Heterozygous: Heterozgyous because the letters are different. A trait is not said to be “Heterozygous Dominant.”

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16
Q

Can two heterozygous individuals have offspring showing the recessive trait?

A

YES! Tt x Tt could lead to offspring that are tt (25%)

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17
Q

Could two homozygous recessive parents breed and have offspring that are heterozygous?

A

NO! tt x tt could not make a Tt offspring because there are not any T alleles to be passed on.

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18
Q

Codominant trait

A

A trait where both versions of the alleles show up. Ex. A red flower and a white flower are crossed and they produce a red and white spotted flower.

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19
Q

Incompletely dominant trait

A

A trait where the two alleles blend their appearances. Ex. A red flower and a white flower are crossed ant they produce a pink flower

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20
Q

Genotype

A

The genetic makeup of an organism. In other words what letters they get. Ex. BB, bb or Bb

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21
Q

Phenotype

A

The phenotype is determined by the genotype. It is the physical appearance of a trait or how it manifests itself in the organism.

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22
Q

Sex-linked trait

A

The genes for these traits are on the X chromosome. Females being XX get two copies of the gene and Males being XY get just one copy. The following allele combinations are possible: CC Cc and cc for females and C- and c- for males. - represents they Y chromosome and the missing gene

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23
Q

Polygeneic trait

A

These traits are determined by more than one set of genes. Ex. Human skin color is determined by 3 or more sets of genes. The following alleles may represent this trait: AaBbCc

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24
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

A method of reproduction using reproductive cells that have 1/2 the genetic material of the two parents.

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25
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

No egg or sperm cells are made. A single individual can reproduce on its own becoming 2 new individuals.

26
Q

Sexual or Asexual? Only takes one organism

A

Asexual

27
Q

Sexual or Asexual? Takes two organisms

A

Sexual

28
Q

Sexual or Asexual? Creates a blend of traits

A

Sexual

29
Q

Sexual or Asexual? Creates clones of the parent

A

Asexual

30
Q

Sexual or Asexual? Fast and safe

A

Asexual

31
Q

Sexual or Asexual? Involves competition that may be dangerous

A

Sexual

32
Q

Mitosis

A

A type of cell reproduction that produces two cells identical to the parent cell. This is one type of asexual reproduction.

33
Q

Meiosis

A

A type of cell reproduction that produces egg cells and sperm cells. These cells have 1/2 the genetic material that the parent cells have.

34
Q

How many chromosomes does an adult human cell have?

A

46

35
Q

How many chromosomes dose a human sperm cell have?

A

23

36
Q

How many chromosomes does a human egg cell have?

A

23

37
Q

Fertilization

A

The process that combines two sex cells resulting in a combination of chromosomes.

38
Q

Hedgehogs have 90 chromosomes in their adult cells. How many chromosomes would be in their sex cells?

A

45 in both egg and sperm cells.

39
Q

Cows have 30 chromosomes in their egg and sperm cells. How many chromosomes would be in an adult cow cell?

A

60

40
Q

Dolphins have 44 chromosomes in their adult cells. How many chromosomes would be in a dolphin sperm cell?

A

22

41
Q

Does this image show a dominant, recessive, codominant or incompletely dominant?

A

Codominant because both traits show up

42
Q

Does this image show a dominant, recessive, codominant or incompletely dominant?

A

Inccomplete dominance because the colors blend

43
Q

Does this image show a dominant, recessive, codominant or incompletely dominant?

A

Codominant because both white and brown show up.

44
Q

Does this image show a dominant, recessive, codominant or incompletely dominant?

A

Codominant because both black and white show up

45
Q

Does this image show a dominant, recessive, codominant or incompletely dominant?

A

Incolmplete dominance because the blue and red blend to make purple

46
Q

Does this image show a dominant, recessive, codominant or incompletely dominant?

A

Dominance because when both alleles are present the white phenotype hides.

47
Q

Is the whole structure a chromosome or a gene?

A

A chromosome. The bands are genes.

48
Q

Do the black and white bands represent a chromosome or a gene?

A

A gene. The whole structure is a chromosome. There are many genes on a chromosome.

49
Q

TRUE or FALSE

There are many genes on a chromosome.

A

TRUE. There can be thousands of genes on a chromosome.

50
Q

TRUE or FALSE

There are many genes in a base pair

A

FALSE: base pairs are the combinations of A, T, G and C within the DNA molecule. Genes are made of hundreds or thousands of base pairs.

51
Q

Place the following in order from smallest to largest:

Chromosome, Base Pair, A, Gene

A

A, Base Pair, Gene, Chromosome

52
Q

Competition

A

The idea that organisms must struggle for resources in order to survive and reproduce.

ie. food, shelter, mates, nesting sites, sunlight, water

53
Q

Overproduction

A

The idea that organsisms can produce more offspring than the environment can support. Many organisms will die before they reproduces.

Overproduction leads to competition.

54
Q

Variation

A

A variation is a trait that an organism uses to compete in the environment for survival and the right to mate.

Some variations are a better fit for the environment than others.

55
Q

Selection

A

The envirionment “selects” some variations as “good fits.” If an organisms variations helps it survive it will pass those traits onto the next generation.

56
Q

Punctuated Equilibrium

A

An end to a time period that has been balanced. Many organisms die at this time reducing the numbers of a species or wiping it out all together. The rate of evolution is often greater after these events.

ie: meteor impacts, droughts, floods, major stoms, volcanic erupitons

57
Q

What does the structure of the arms of these organisms suggest?

A

They shared a common ancestor who had the bone structure that was passed down.

58
Q

Does the pattern of the blue shaded shapes show a dominant or recessive mode of inheritance?

A

Recessive. It can skip a generation.

59
Q

What is the genotype of the blue square number 1 in generation 1?

A

bb

60
Q

What is the genotype of cricle 2 in generation 2?

A

Bb

Her father shows a recessive trait and must be bb. He will pass a little b onto all of his children. She shows the dominant trait so must have a big B. This must have come from her mother.

61
Q

What number represents the closest common ancestor of ostriches and amphibians?

A

2

62
Q

Which two organisms are the most closely related out of ostriches, crocodiles and lizards?

A

Crocodiles and Ostriches are more closely related to each other than they are to Lizards because crocodiles and ostriches have a closer common ancestor to each other than they do with lizards.

Biology (6 decks)

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