Genetics Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a genome?

A

the entire genetic material of an organism, all the dna in an individual

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2
Q

what is a gene?

A

a gene is a short length of dna which codes for a particular characteristic or protein

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3
Q

what are chromosomes?

A

lengths of dna that occur as functional pairs in the nucleus

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4
Q

what is a nucleotide?

A

the building blocks of our dna, Each one is made up of a phosphate group, a pentose sugar and a base

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5
Q

describe the structure of dna

A

dna is made up of two nucleotide strands with a sigar and a phosphate backbone and interlinking bases to form a double helix

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6
Q

what shape is dna?

A

double helix

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7
Q

what are the base pairing rules?

A

adenine pairs with thymine (A-T)
guanine pairs with cytosine (G-C)
they are complementary to each other

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8
Q

what is it that makes us all unique?

A

the sequence of the bases along each chromosome is unique

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9
Q

what is a mutation?

A

a random change in the structure of dna, gene or chromosome

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10
Q

how does dna code for chromosomes?

A

along the dna, each sequence of 3 bases, called a base triplet, codes for one amino acid in the production of a protein

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11
Q

what is mitosis?

A

a type of cell division that produces daughter cells genetically identical to the parent cell and each other

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12
Q

what are clones of cells?

A

cells that are genetically identical to eachother

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13
Q

where does mitosis take place?

A

throughout the body

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14
Q

what is the purpose of mitosis? x3

A
  • growth
  • replacing worn out cells
  • repair of damaged tissue
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15
Q

What is an allele

A

Different forms of the same gene

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16
Q

What is a genotype

A

Paired symbols showing the allele arrangement in an individual

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17
Q

Phenotype definition

A

The outward appearance of an individual

18
Q

What is sex linkage

A

A gene that is carried on the sex chromosome

19
Q

What is a test cross

A

A test crosses is used to determine the genotype of an organisms with the dominant phenotype

20
Q

What is a genetic condition

A

A disorder caused by a fault within the genes or chromosomes

21
Q

What is Huntington’s disease

A

Progressive brain deterioration, it is a dominant condition and becomes apparent in middle age. There is no cure

22
Q

What is cystic fibrosis

A

It is when an individual has excess mucus production causing lung infections. It is recessive

23
Q

What is haemophilia

A

People with it have a problem with blood clotting mechanisms. Caused by sex linked recessive allele in X chromosome

24
Q

What is a plasmid

A

An extra loop of dna found in bacteria

25
Q

Why are bacteria used in genetic engineering

A

Easily manipulated
Reproduce rapidly
Reproduce to produce identical offspring

26
Q

Why is the same restriction enzyme used to cut out the gene and the plasmid

A

So that the sticky ends of the plasmid and gene have based on the sticky ends that complementary base pair with each other

27
Q

What are the processes involved in downstreaming

A

Extraction
Purification
Packaging

28
Q

Why are men most likely to inherit haemophilia

A

They only have to inherit one recessive allele, females have to inherit 2.
They only have one X chromosome and therefore doesn’t have a Y chromosome to mask the effect

29
Q

What is an allele

A

Different forms of the same gene

30
Q

What is a genotype

A

Paired symbols showing the allele arrangement in an individual

31
Q

Phenotype definition

A

The outward appearance of an individual

32
Q

What is sex linkage

A

A gene that is carried on the sex chromosome

33
Q

What is a test cross

A

A test crosses is used to determine the genotype of an organisms with the dominant phenotype

34
Q

What is a genetic condition

A

A disorder caused by a fault within the genes or chromosomes

35
Q

What is Huntington’s disease

A

Progressive brain deterioration, it is a dominant condition and becomes apparent in middle age. There is no cure

36
Q

What is cystic fibrosis

A

It is when an individual has excess mucus production causing lung infections. It is recessive

37
Q

What is haemophilia

A

People with it have a problem with blood clotting mechanisms. Caused by sex linked recessive allele in X chromosome

38
Q

What is a plasmid

A

An extra loop of dna found in bacteria

39
Q

Why are bacteria used in genetic engineering

A

Easily manipulated
Reproduce rapidly
Reproduce to produce identical offspring

40
Q

Why is the same restriction enzyme used to cut out the gene and the plasmid

A

So that the sticky ends of the plasmid and gene have based on the sticky ends that complementary base pair with each other

41
Q

What are the processes involved in downstreaming

A

Extraction
Purification
Packaging

42
Q

Why are men most likely to inherit haemophilia

A

They only have to inherit one recessive allele, females have to inherit 2.
They only have one X chromosome and therefore doesn’t have a Y chromosome to mask the effect