Genetics

Question 1

what is a genome?

Answer 1

the entire genetic material of an organism, all the dna in an individual

Question 2

what is a gene?

Answer 2

a gene is a short length of dna which codes for a particular characteristic or protein

Question 3

what are chromosomes?

Answer 3

lengths of dna that occur as functional pairs in the nucleus

Question 4

what is a nucleotide?

Answer 4

the building blocks of our dna, Each one is made up of a phosphate group, a pentose sugar and a base

Question 5

describe the structure of dna

Answer 5

dna is made up of two nucleotide strands with a sigar and a phosphate backbone and interlinking bases to form a double helix

Question 6

what shape is dna?

Answer 6

double helix

Question 7

what are the base pairing rules?

Answer 7

adenine pairs with thymine (A-T)
guanine pairs with cytosine (G-C)
they are complementary to each other

Question 8

what is it that makes us all unique?

Answer 8

the sequence of the bases along each chromosome is unique

Question 9

what is a mutation?

Answer 9

a random change in the structure of dna, gene or chromosome

Question 10

how does dna code for chromosomes?

Answer 10

along the dna, each sequence of 3 bases, called a base triplet, codes for one amino acid in the production of a protein

Question 11

what is mitosis?

Answer 11

a type of cell division that produces daughter cells genetically identical to the parent cell and each other

Question 12

what are clones of cells?

Answer 12

cells that are genetically identical to eachother

Question 13

where does mitosis take place?

Answer 13

throughout the body

Question 14

what is the purpose of mitosis? x3

Answer 14

• growth
• replacing worn out cells
• repair of damaged tissue

Question 15

What is an allele

Answer 15

Different forms of the same gene

Question 16

What is a genotype

Answer 16

Paired symbols showing the allele arrangement in an individual

Question 17

Phenotype definition

Answer 17

The outward appearance of an individual

Question 18

What is sex linkage

Answer 18

A gene that is carried on the sex chromosome

Question 19

What is a test cross

Answer 19

A test crosses is used to determine the genotype of an organisms with the dominant phenotype

Question 20

What is a genetic condition

Answer 20

A disorder caused by a fault within the genes or chromosomes

Question 21

What is Huntington’s disease

Answer 21

Progressive brain deterioration, it is a dominant condition and becomes apparent in middle age. There is no cure

Question 22

What is cystic fibrosis

Answer 22

It is when an individual has excess mucus production causing lung infections. It is recessive

Question 23

What is haemophilia

Answer 23

People with it have a problem with blood clotting mechanisms. Caused by sex linked recessive allele in X chromosome

Question 24

What is a plasmid

Answer 24

An extra loop of dna found in bacteria

Question 25

Why are bacteria used in genetic engineering

Answer 25

Easily manipulated
Reproduce rapidly
Reproduce to produce identical offspring

Question 26

Why is the same restriction enzyme used to cut out the gene and the plasmid

Answer 26

So that the sticky ends of the plasmid and gene have based on the sticky ends that complementary base pair with each other

Question 27

What are the processes involved in downstreaming

Answer 27

Extraction
Purification
Packaging

Question 28

Why are men most likely to inherit haemophilia

Answer 28

They only have to inherit one recessive allele, females have to inherit 2.
They only have one X chromosome and therefore doesn’t have a Y chromosome to mask the effect

Question 29

What is an allele

Answer 29

Different forms of the same gene

Question 30

What is a genotype

Answer 30

Paired symbols showing the allele arrangement in an individual

Question 31

Phenotype definition

Answer 31

The outward appearance of an individual

Question 32

What is sex linkage

Answer 32

A gene that is carried on the sex chromosome

Question 33

What is a test cross

Answer 33

A test crosses is used to determine the genotype of an organisms with the dominant phenotype

Question 34

What is a genetic condition

Answer 34

A disorder caused by a fault within the genes or chromosomes

Question 35

What is Huntington’s disease

Answer 35

Progressive brain deterioration, it is a dominant condition and becomes apparent in middle age. There is no cure

Question 36

What is cystic fibrosis

Answer 36

It is when an individual has excess mucus production causing lung infections. It is recessive

Question 37

What is haemophilia

Answer 37

People with it have a problem with blood clotting mechanisms. Caused by sex linked recessive allele in X chromosome

Question 38

What is a plasmid

Answer 38

An extra loop of dna found in bacteria

Question 39

Why are bacteria used in genetic engineering

Answer 39

Easily manipulated
Reproduce rapidly
Reproduce to produce identical offspring

Question 40

Why is the same restriction enzyme used to cut out the gene and the plasmid

Answer 40

So that the sticky ends of the plasmid and gene have based on the sticky ends that complementary base pair with each other

Question 41

What are the processes involved in downstreaming

Answer 41

Extraction
Purification
Packaging

Question 42

Why are men most likely to inherit haemophilia

Answer 42

They only have to inherit one recessive allele, females have to inherit 2.
They only have one X chromosome and therefore doesn’t have a Y chromosome to mask the effect