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Structure and Function of the Human Body > Genetics > Flashcards

Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

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2
Q

Where is DNA found?

A

In the nucleus of cells

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3
Q

What is DNA composed of?

A

DNA is composed of billions of nucleotides.
-A double strand of nucleotides linked together by a phosphate and sugar molecules and ultimately fporms a double helix shape.

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4
Q

Genetics: Chromosome

A

A condensed form of DNA

-Humans have 46 chromosomes (23 from mother and 23 from father)

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5
Q

What does DNA do?

A

DNA codes or provides instructions for the cell to produce proteins.

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6
Q

DNA is composed of 4 types of Nucleotides

A

1) Adenine (pairs with Thymine)
2) Guanine (Pairs with Cytosine)
3) Thymine
4) Cytosine

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7
Q

What is the strand part (Backbone) of DNA composed of

A

Phosphate and sugar molecules.

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8
Q

DNA: Gene

A

The specific sequence of nucleotides

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9
Q

DNA mutation

A

Change in a particular gene’s nucleotide sequence.

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10
Q

DNA Replication: When is DNA replicated?

A

During the synthesis phase of interphase of the cell cycle

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11
Q

Protein Synthesis: What does genome refer to?

A

Refers to all of the DNA within an organism.

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12
Q

What two main processes occur for the creation of protein?

A

1) Transcription

2) Translation

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13
Q

Protein Synthesis: Transcription

A

-Occurs in the Nucleus

Creates a copy of the gene - called mRNA

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14
Q

Protein Synthesis: Translation

A

Occurs in the cytoplasm
-mRNA strand is “read” by ribosomes which creates protein (a specific sequence of amino acids bonded together determined by the sequence of nucleotides within the gene.)

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15
Q

Cell Cycle and Cell Reproduction: Why must cells reproduce

A

Cells must synthesize proteins to be able to perform ints functions and divide into two new cells to replace worn out, injured or dead cells.

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16
Q

Which cells cannot reproduce?

A

Myocytes (Heart muscle cells) and Neurons (Nerve cells)

17
Q

Cell Cycle: What is it?

A

The cell cycle represents the events that occur int he cell from when it forms to when it completes a cellular division
-Different cells have different cell cycle rates

18
Q

Cell Cycle: What is the broad categories?

A
  • Interphase

- Mitosis

19
Q

Cell Cycle: Mitosis

A

The category of the cell cycle where the cell prepares to divide into two new cells.

20
Q

Cell Cycle: Mitosis Phases

A

1) Prophase
2) Metaphase
3) Anaphase
4) Telophase

21
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

When a cell actually divides into two new cells.

22
Q

Mitosis - Prophase

A
  • Chromatin begins to coil and condense to form chromosomes
  • Each duplicated chromosome consists of two strands and each strand contains a single molecule of DNA
  • The two chromatids join together in the middle at a spot called the centromere
  • Centrioles move to opposite poles of the cell, and spindle fibers appear
  • The nuclear envelope dissolves and spindle fibers form in the cytoplasm
23
Q

Mitosis: Metaphase

A
  • Some of the spindle fibers attach to one side of the chromosomes at the centromere
  • The chromosomes line up along the center of the cell
24
Q

Mitosis: Anaphase

A
  • The centromeres divide, forming two chromosomes instead of a pair of attached chromatids
  • The spindle fibers pull the newly formed chromosomes to opposite poles of the cell.
25
Q

Mitosis: Telophase

A
  • A new nuclear envelope develops around each set of daughter chromosomes
  • The spindle fibers disappear, and the cytoplasm divides to produce two identical daughter cells.
26
Q

Mitosis vs. Meiosis

A

Sperm cells and egg cells go through meiosis process
Mitosis: Cells end up with full genome
Meiosis: Cells end up with half genome

27
Q

What is interphase?

A

The time between mitotic phases (G1, S and G2)

28
Q

What is G1?

A

First gap phase: Synthesis of components needed for DNA

29
Q

What is S?

A

Synthesis phase: DNA replication

30
Q

What is G2?

A

Second gap phase: Preparation for mitosis

Structure and Function of the Human Body (4 decks)

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