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Structure and Function of the Human Body > Chemistry & Metabolism > Flashcards

Chemistry & Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Elements are composed of:

A

Nucleus(Neutrons,Protons) and Electrons

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2
Q

Protons

A

Positive charge; Found in the nucleus

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3
Q

Neutrons

A

No charge; Found in the nucleus

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4
Q

Electrons

A

Charge, circulate around nucleus

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5
Q

Chemical Bonding: Ionic Bonding

A

Occurs when one atom transfers one of more electrons from its outer shell to another atom’s outer shell of electrons

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6
Q

Chemical Bonding: Covalent Bonds

A

Occur when two or more atoms share electrons between each other
-Makes their outer shells stables

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7
Q

Which is the strongest out of the chemical bonds?

A

Covalent bonds is the STRONGEST out of three types of chemical bonding

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8
Q

Chemical Bonding: Hydrogen Bonding

A

Weak attraction between a slightly positive charged hydrogen atom (H+) in one molecule with a slightly negatively charged oxygen (O-) or nitrogen (N-) atom in another molecule
-Seen in water molecules and within the structures of DNA

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9
Q

Which are the weakest out of all the chemical bonds?

A

Hydrogen Bonds

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10
Q

Energy

A

The capacity to do work

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11
Q

Metabolism

A

All of the chemical reactions in the body.
Two types:
-Catabolism
-Anabolism

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12
Q

Metabolism: Catabolism

A

The chemical reactions that break down larger substances/compounds into smaller ones.
-When covalent bonds are broken, energy is released

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13
Q

Examples of Catabolism

A

Breaking down food molecules into smaller components

***Chemical breakdown of ATP to release energy

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14
Q

Metabolism: Anabolism

A

The chemical reactions that create larger and more complex molecules from smaller molecules and elements
***This process requires the use of energy by creating covalent chemical bonds

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15
Q

Examples of Anabolism

A

Using smaller molecules to make more complex such as hormones

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16
Q

pH Scale

A

Technically measurement of hydrogen ion concentration in a solution
-Measures the acidity or alkalinity
-Ranges from 0-14
7 is neutral; anything below 7 is acidic; higher than 7 is basic

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17
Q

Organic Substances

A

Chemically contain the element Carbon

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18
Q

Inorganic Substances

A

Does not contain he element carbon (Salt, water, Calcium)

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19
Q

Four Classifications of organic substances

A

1) Carbohydrates
2) Lipids
3) Proteins
4) Nucleic Acids

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20
Q

Organic Substances: Carbohydrates

A

(More commonly known as sugars)

-Main source of energy for the body’s cells

21
Q

Three types of Carbohydrates

A

1) Monosaccharides
2) Disaccharides
3) Polysaccharides

22
Q

Carbohydrates - Disaccharides

A

Consist of two monosaccharides bonded together

23
Q

Examples of Disaccharides

A

Sugar: Consists of glucose + fructose bonded together
Lactose: Consists of glucose + galactose

24
Q

Carbohydrates - Polysaccharides

A
  • Commonly called Complex sugars

- Consists of three of more monosaccharides bonded together

25
Q

Types of Polysaccharides

A
  • Glycogen
  • Starch
  • Cellulose
26
Q

Polysaccharides: Glycogen

A

Storage form of glucose within the human body

27
Q

Polysaccharides:Starch

A

Storage form of glucose within plants

28
Q

Polysaccharides:Cellulose

A
  • Found in plants - used for structurally support

- Humans cannot digest it

29
Q

Organic Substances: Lipids

A

Main storage form for energy within the human body

*Commonly referred to as fats

30
Q

Types of Lipids

A
  • Triglycerides (Unsaturated or Saturated fats)
  • Steroids (Cholesterol)
  • Phospholipids (found in cell membranes)
31
Q

Organic Substances: Proteins

A

Most abundant, most important, and most versatile organic compound

32
Q

Examples of proteins (Structurally and Metabolically)

A

Muscle contraction, immune function, hormones, transport, enzymes

33
Q

Proteins Make up

A

Composed of 20 amino acids

12 can be made by the body, 8 have to be retrieved from diet

34
Q

Cellular Respiration

A

Process in which the cell converts biochemical energy from variousnutrients into Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

35
Q

Two types of cellular respiration

A
  • Aerobic (with oxygen)

- Anaerobic (without oxygen)

36
Q

ATP Vitality

A

Vital to fuel life processes:

  • Movement - muscle contractions
  • Cellular functions- active transport
  • Chemical reactions (metabolism)
37
Q

Cellular Respiration: Aerobic

A

Consists of multiple chemical reactions (Majority take place in mitochondria)

38
Q

Aerobic Respiration ATP Equation

A

O2 + Glucose = ATP + CO2 + H2O

-Net gain of 36 ATP molecules

39
Q

Cellular Respiration: Anaerobic

A

Is utilized when the cell is deficient in oxygen molecules

40
Q

Anaerobic Respiration ATP Equation

A

O2+ Glucose= ATP + Lactic acid + CO2

-Net gain of 2 ATP molecules

41
Q

Cellular Respiration

A

Glucose if first choice but if not available fats and proteins with metabolize to make ATP

42
Q

Lipid Metabolism

A

Mainly occur in mitochondria

Ketones bodies are a byproduct; make breath and urine smell fruity

43
Q

Protein Metabolism

A

Get excessive urea (nitrogen waste) production

44
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

Composed of nucleotides which are composed of three parts:

  • Nitrogen base
  • 5 carbon sugar
  • phosphate
45
Q

Three parts of Nucleic Acids

A

1) Nitrogen base
2) 5 carbon sugar
3) phosphate

46
Q

DNA

A

Composed of nucleic acids

Our genetic code and is found in the nucleus of each cell

47
Q

Made up of nucleic acids

A

DNA, RNA, ATP

48
Q

Nucleic Acids -ATP

A

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

49
Q

ATP

A

Body energy source

Glucose is primarily used, then lipids, then proteins

Structure and Function of the Human Body (4 decks)

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