Chemistry & Metabolism Flashcards by Elizabeth Wilson

Elements are composed of:

Nucleus(Neutrons,Protons) and Electrons

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Protons

Positive charge; Found in the nucleus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Neutrons

No charge; Found in the nucleus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Electrons

Charge, circulate around nucleus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Chemical Bonding: Ionic Bonding

Occurs when one atom transfers one of more electrons from its outer shell to another atom’s outer shell of electrons

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Chemical Bonding: Covalent Bonds

Occur when two or more atoms share electrons between each other
-Makes their outer shells stables

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which is the strongest out of the chemical bonds?

Covalent bonds is the STRONGEST out of three types of chemical bonding

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Chemical Bonding: Hydrogen Bonding

Weak attraction between a slightly positive charged hydrogen atom (H+) in one molecule with a slightly negatively charged oxygen (O-) or nitrogen (N-) atom in another molecule
-Seen in water molecules and within the structures of DNA

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which are the weakest out of all the chemical bonds?

Hydrogen Bonds

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Energy

The capacity to do work

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Metabolism

All of the chemical reactions in the body.
Two types:
-Catabolism
-Anabolism

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Metabolism: Catabolism

The chemical reactions that break down larger substances/compounds into smaller ones.
-When covalent bonds are broken, energy is released

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Examples of Catabolism

Breaking down food molecules into smaller components

***Chemical breakdown of ATP to release energy

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Metabolism: Anabolism

The chemical reactions that create larger and more complex molecules from smaller molecules and elements
***This process requires the use of energy by creating covalent chemical bonds

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Examples of Anabolism

Using smaller molecules to make more complex such as hormones

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

pH Scale

Technically measurement of hydrogen ion concentration in a solution
-Measures the acidity or alkalinity
-Ranges from 0-14
7 is neutral; anything below 7 is acidic; higher than 7 is basic

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Organic Substances

Chemically contain the element Carbon

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Inorganic Substances

Does not contain he element carbon (Salt, water, Calcium)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Four Classifications of organic substances

1) Carbohydrates
2) Lipids
3) Proteins
4) Nucleic Acids

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Organic Substances: Carbohydrates

(More commonly known as sugars)

-Main source of energy for the body’s cells

Three types of Carbohydrates

1) Monosaccharides
2) Disaccharides
3) Polysaccharides

Carbohydrates - Disaccharides

Consist of two monosaccharides bonded together

Examples of Disaccharides

Sugar: Consists of glucose + fructose bonded together
Lactose: Consists of glucose + galactose

Carbohydrates - Polysaccharides

Commonly called Complex sugars

- Consists of three of more monosaccharides bonded together

Types of Polysaccharides

- Glycogen - Starch - Cellulose

Polysaccharides: Glycogen

Storage form of glucose within the human body

Polysaccharides:Starch

Storage form of glucose within plants

Polysaccharides:Cellulose

- Found in plants - used for structurally support | - Humans cannot digest it

Organic Substances: Lipids

Main storage form for energy within the human body | *Commonly referred to as fats

Types of Lipids

- Triglycerides (Unsaturated or Saturated fats) - Steroids (Cholesterol) - Phospholipids (found in cell membranes)

Organic Substances: Proteins

Most abundant, most important, and most versatile organic compound

Examples of proteins (Structurally and Metabolically)

Muscle contraction, immune function, hormones, transport, enzymes

Proteins Make up

Composed of 20 amino acids | 12 can be made by the body, 8 have to be retrieved from diet

Cellular Respiration

Process in which the cell converts biochemical energy from variousnutrients into Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Two types of cellular respiration

- Aerobic (with oxygen) | - Anaerobic (without oxygen)

ATP Vitality

Vital to fuel life processes: - Movement - muscle contractions - Cellular functions- active transport - Chemical reactions (metabolism)

Cellular Respiration: Aerobic

Consists of multiple chemical reactions (Majority take place in mitochondria)

Aerobic Respiration ATP Equation

O2 + Glucose = ATP + CO2 + H2O | -Net gain of 36 ATP molecules

Cellular Respiration: Anaerobic

Is utilized when the cell is deficient in oxygen molecules

Anaerobic Respiration ATP Equation

O2+ Glucose= ATP + Lactic acid + CO2 | -Net gain of 2 ATP molecules

Cellular Respiration

Glucose if first choice but if not available fats and proteins with metabolize to make ATP

Lipid Metabolism

Mainly occur in mitochondria | Ketones bodies are a byproduct; make breath and urine smell fruity

Protein Metabolism

Get excessive urea (nitrogen waste) production

Nucleic Acids

Composed of nucleotides which are composed of three parts: - Nitrogen base - 5 carbon sugar - phosphate

Three parts of Nucleic Acids

1) Nitrogen base 2) 5 carbon sugar 3) phosphate

DNA

Composed of nucleic acids | Our genetic code and is found in the nucleus of each cell

Made up of nucleic acids

DNA, RNA, ATP

Nucleic Acids -ATP

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

ATP

Body energy source | Glucose is primarily used, then lipids, then proteins