Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Intro Biology > Genetics > Flashcards

Genetics Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What Is DNA:

A

Double Helical Molecule

-Contains the information for every single body process that keeps you alive.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does DNA stand for:

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Components of DNA:

A 
Made of NUCLEOTIDES
-3 components of Nucleotides:
- Nucleotides are made of : 
1. Phosphate Group
2. Sugar
3. Nitrogenous Base
- Four different nitrogenous bases: A,T,C,G
Adenine, Cytosine, Thymine, Guanine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Organization of DNA components: the backbone:

A

Picture DNA as a twisted ladder.

Sides of the ladder = DNA backbone.

DNA backbone made of sugar and phosphate bound together.

Sugar-phosphate backbones.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are Base pairs?

A

Picture DNA as a twisted ladder

Rung of the ladder= pairs of nitrogenous bases bonded together (base pairs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Complementary Base pairing:

A
  • A always pairs with T
  • C always pairs with G
    If you know the order of the bases on one strand of DNA, you will know the bases in the other strand
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

DNA stores Information:

A

DNA stores the instruction for all processes needed to keep you (and all other organisms) alive.
DNA codes for proteins that perform functions in our bodies and determine our characteristics.
A gene is a unit of DNA that codes for a specific protein based on order of nucleotides.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Converting info in DNA to protein products:

A

DNA – Transcription – mRNA – Translation – Protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Transcription:

A

The gene’s sequence is copied from DNA to a middleman molecule called mRNA.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is mRNA:

A

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Translation:

A

The gene’s sequence is now encoded in mRNA, which directs the production of a protein.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

During Transcription, DNA 🔜 mRNA:

A

Copying the base sequence of a gene to a messenger molecule based on complementary base pairing.
Messenger Molecule = mRNA.
RNA uses same nucleotides as DNA with 1 exception - RNA uses a U nucleotide in place of a T nucleotide.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

During Translation, mRNA 🔜 Protein:

A

Bases in mRNA are read 3 at a time.
Sets of 3 bases called codons.
Every set of three bases specifies an amino acid.
As codons of mRNA are read, amino acids link together to form protein.
Order of codons – determines order of amino acids – determines final protein produced.
Different combination of amino acids different proteins that have different functions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Amino Acid are:

A

Building blocks of proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Who figured out DNA:

A

Commonly attributed to Watson and Crick- proposed their model for DNA 1953.

Watson and Crick’s work was based almost entirely on data from another scientist, Rosalind Franklin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How did you get DNA from your parents:

A

Stored information in a cell can be vertically passed from

  • Cell to cell (everytime your body makes new cells)
  • Generation to generation (DNA passed from parent to offspring)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

DNA Replication:

A

The process of copying a DNA molecule to form two identical DNA molecules.
Complementary base pairing allows each strand of the original DNA molecule to serve as a template for creating a new strand of DNA.
Begin with original DNA double helix (blue).
Enzyme “unwinds” original helix and breaks apart nucleotide bonds.
Original DNA strands serve as template for new DNA strand (yellow).
Complementary nucleotides added by enzyme DNA polymerase.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

DNA replication is:

A

Semiconservative.

Each new DNA molecule is comprised of the one “original” DNA strand and one “new” DNA strand.

19
Q

Mistakes during Replication:

A 
Human genome -- 3 billion base pairs
Everytime you make a new cell, DNA polymerase has to read very single one
Mistakes can happen, but rarely
A few different kinds of mistakes:
1. Wrong nucleotide added
2. Extra nucleotide added
3. Nucleotide deleted
20
Q

Replication mistakes results:

A

All result in changes to DNA sequence and potentially changes in the protein produced Mutations.

21
Q

Mutations:

A

Any permanent change to the DNA sequence of an organism.
Can happen as result of replication errors.
Can be triggered by environment factors- carcinogens increase mutation rate by
damaging DNA.

22
Q

Mutation Type:

A

Substitution mutation.

Insertion mutation.

Deletion mutation.

23
Q

Substitution mutations:

A

Incorrect nucleotide is added.

24
Q

Insertion mutations:

A

Extra nucleotide added.

All codon following insertion are changed.

25
Q

Deletion Mutation:

A

Nucleotide removed from sequence.

All codons following deletion are changed.

26
Q

Point mutations:

A 
Are changes in an single base in the sequence.
Ex. 
Substitution
Insertion
Deletion
27
Q

Organization of DNA : Chromosomes

A

Your DNA has 3 billion base pairs.
DNA can be condensed into chromosomes: DNA plus packaging proteins.
Packaging proteins help DNA wind tightly.

28
Q

Somatic cells:

A

Have two copies of each chromosome.

Are non-sex cells; all the cells in your body other than sperm/eggs.

29
Q

Diploids(2n):

A

Cells with two copies of chromosomes.

30
Q

Homologous pairs:

A

One from mom, one from dad.
Pairs look similar but are not genetically identical.
Carry genes for the same traits.

31
Q

Human Chromosomes:

A

46 chromosomes in somatic cells
23 chromosomes from each parent
All of this genetic material must be copied from 1 original cell and divided between two new cells every time your body makes a new cell.
You started as 1 cell with all your DNA – average adult has 37.2 trillion cells In their bodies.

32
Q

Making New Cells and copying DNA: Mitosis

A

Every chromosomes has a maternal and paternal copy: homologous pairs.

Before cells can divide, each homologue must be copied.

Identical copies of maternal/paternal chromosomes called sister chromatids.

33
Q

Mitotic Cell Cycle:

A

Cell cycle:
events between one cell division and the next.

Two major stages
Interphase: cell not dividing but cell very active
Cell division: mitosis and cytokinesis

34
Q

Interphase:

A

Cell grows, organelles double
Genetic material replicates (sister chromatids) within the nucleus
Chromosomes begin to condense

35
Q

Mitosis: Nuclear Division:

A

Daughter chromosomes sorted and separated.
Two identical daughter cells created (2n-diploid).
Chromosomes condense.
Condensing DNA into chromosomes allows orderly transfer of DNA into new cells.

36
Q

During Nuclear Division:

A
  1. Chromosomes line up at mid-point of cell.
  2. One of each chromatid on each side of cell.
  3. Sister chromatids pulled to opposite sides of cell.
  4. Identical DNA pulled to each half.
  5. New nuclear membrane forms around each set of identical chromosomes.
37
Q

Cytokinesis:

A

Cytoplasm divides.

  • All the material in a cell other than the nucleus.
  • Proteins, other structures essential to cell function.
38
Q

Given complementary base pairing, which of the DNA sequences below will base pair with the following sequence? G A A T T C
C T T A T G, G A A T T C, C T T A A G or C T A T A G.

A

CTTAAG.
G is always to C
A is always to T

39
Q

What is the correct mRNA transcript of this DNA sequence? CGTAAAG
GCAUUUC, CGUAAAG, GCATTTC or CGTAAAG.

A

GCAUUUC
In mRNA G is still always to C
the change is T is substitute with U
A is always to U

40
Q

What amino acid order does this mRNA code for?

UUA GGA GGG

A

Leucine, Glycine, Glycine

41
Q

Which of following sequences would also code for an amino acid chain of Leucine, Glycine, Glycine?
CUA GGG GGG, CUG GGU GGC, UUG GGG GGA or All of the above

A

All of the above

42
Q

Consider how codons are read to form proteins. Given this, predict which point mutation type would result in the GREATEST change to the protein product the DNA codes for compared to the original DNA sequence?
A.Substitution, B.Insertion, C.Deletion, D.Insertion and Deletion would have equally large impact or E.all would have equally large effects.

A

D. Insertion and Deletions would a equally large impact

43
Q

Will substitution mutations always result in a different protein product?
Yes or No

A

No,

Intro Biology (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions