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Edexcel GCSE Combined Science Biology > Genetics > Flashcards

Genetics Flashcards

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1
Q

What are DNA strands called?

A

Polymers

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2
Q

Name the 4 bases for a DNA unit?

A

Adenine
Thymine
Cytosine
Guanine

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3
Q

What shape describes DNA?

A

Double helix

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4
Q

Complementary bases

What is matched with A Adenine?

A

T

Thymine

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5
Q

Complementary bases

What goes with C Cytosine?

A

G

Guanine

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6
Q

What are complementary bases joined together with?

A

Weak hydrogen bonds

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7
Q

How is your DNA passed onto the next generation?

A

Reproduction

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8
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

Long, coiled up molecules of DNA

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9
Q

Where are chromosomes found?

A

Nucleus of eukaryotic cells

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10
Q

What determines what protein is produced?

A

The sequence of bases in the gene

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11
Q

What practical test can you use to extract DNA from fruit cells?

A

Add detergent and salt
Detergent breaks down cell membranes to release DNA
Salt makes DNA stick together

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12
Q

Who won Nobel prize for their work on DNA?

A

Crick Watson Wilkins

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13
Q

Why is it useful to use salt when extracting DNA from fruit cells?

A

Salt makes DNA stick together

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14
Q

How many chromosomes do human cells contain?

A

46

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15
Q

How many chromosomes in a haploid cell?

A

23

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16
Q

In flowering plants where are male gametes found?

A

Pollen

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17
Q

Where are female gametes found in flowering cells?

A

Ovaries at bottom of stigma

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18
Q

What are normal cells with full number of chromosomes called?

A

Diploid

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19
Q

What are reproductive cells called?

A

Gametes

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20
Q

What are animal gametes better known as ?

A

Sperm and egg cells

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21
Q

What is a zygote?

A

A fertilised egg

22
Q

What happens when a male gametes fuses with a female gamete?

A

Produces a fertilised egg

23
Q

What happens when a zygote undergoes cell division by mitosis?

A

Develops into an embryo

24
Q

What is the difference between meiosis and mitosis?

A

Doesn’t produce identical cells

25
Q

Does meiosis happen in other organs?

A

No just reproductive organs

26
Q

How many divisions in meiosis?

A

2

27
Q

How is genetic variation created?

A

Mixture of mother’s and father’s genes

28
Q

What is a gene?

A

A stretch of DNA that determines a certain trait

29
Q

What is an allele?

A

A form of a gene
Eg. Gene for eye colour has several variations
One for blue eyes, one for brown eyes etc.

30
Q

How many versions or alleles of genes do you have?

A

2

One on each chromosome

31
Q

What is homozygous?

A

If 2 alleles are the same

32
Q

What is heterozygous?

A

If 2 alleles are different

33
Q

Dominant alleles have a capital or small letter?

A

Capital

34
Q

Do dominant alleles overrule recessive alleles?

A

Yes

35
Q

How can organisms display recessive characteristics?

A

Both alleles must be recessive

36
Q

What is genotype?

A

Part of genetic make up of a cell which determines a characteristic or phenotype

37
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

A characteristic

Eg eye colour

38
Q

Which sex have an X and a Y chromosome?

A

Males

39
Q

What letter combination do female chromosomes have?

A

XX

40
Q

What maths term is used to determine sex of babies?

A

Probability

41
Q

What is genetic variation within a species ?

A

All dogs are same species

Pug looks different to Dalmatian

42
Q

What is a genetic mutation?

A

Changes to base sequence of DNA

43
Q

What is human genome project?

A

Research to map over 20,000 genes

44
Q

How could information from human genome project be used to help prevent individuals from developing certain diseases?

A

Design new drugs
If doctors know what genes predispose people to diseases individually treated
Identify faulty alleles

45
Q

Who came up with theory of natural selection and evolution ?

A

Charles Darwin

46
Q

What system classifies organisms?

A

Five kingdom classification system

47
Q

What are 5 kingdoms?

A 
Animals
Plants
Fungi
Prokaryotes 
Protists
48
Q

Name sub divisions of kingdoms?

A 
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
49
Q

What is selective breeding?

A

Take best plants or animals to breed to get best offspring

50
Q

Name some attractive features for selective breeding?

A

Animals that produce more milk or meat
Crops with disease resistance
Dogs with a gentle temperament
Plants that produce bigger fruit

51
Q

Give 3 problems selective breeding can cause

A

In breeding and reduces gene pool
Causes health problems or harmful genetic defects
If new disease appears, not much variation so less chance of resistance alleles

Edexcel GCSE Combined Science Biology (4 decks)

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