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Genetics Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Somatic Cells

A

have pairs of homologous chromosomes

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2
Q

Homologous Chromosomes Share:

A

size
Centro-mere location
Gene locations
(identical in every way)

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3
Q

Autosomes

A

number 1-22

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4
Q

Sex Chromosomes

A

23rd pair

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5
Q

Females are…

A

XX

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6
Q

Males are…

A

XY

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7
Q

X and Y differ in _____ and _______ contents

A

Size; genetic

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8
Q

Meiosis

A

cell division resulting in fewer chromosomes per cell

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9
Q

diploid cells

A

2N
two homologous sets of chromosomes
somatic cells

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10
Q

Haploid Cels

A

(N)
one set of unpaired chromosomes
gametes

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11
Q

Feritlization

A

union of sperm (N) and egg (N)

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12
Q

Fertilization creates a…..

A

zygote

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13
Q

Meiotic cell cycle:

A

Interphase (G1, S, G2)
Meiosis I
Meiosis II

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14
Q

Meiosis I

A

separation of homologous chromosomes

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15
Q

Meiosis II

A

separation of sister chromatids

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16
Q

Meiosis I Phases in order

A

Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I

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17
Q

Prophase I

A

synapsis and crossing over occurs

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18
Q

synapsis

A

homologs come together as pairs (tetrads)

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19
Q

Crossing Over

A

Non-Sisters exchange genetic material

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20
Q

metaphase I

A

Tetrads align at equator

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21
Q

Anaphase I

A

Homologous pairs separate to poles

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22
Q

Telophase I, Cytokinesis

A
  • Duplicated chromosomes have reached the poles
  • Nuclei are haploid (sister still attached)
  • Cell divides into 2 daughters
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23
Q

Meiosis II

A
  • prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II
  • no DNA replication between I and II
  • both daughters from I enter II
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24
Q

Events in the nucleus during meiosis II are ____ as mitosis

A

same

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25
Q

End result is ____ ____ ____

A

four haploid daughters (gametes)

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26
Q

males

A

primary sperm cell (2N) produces 4 sperm cells (N)

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27
Q

females

A

primary egg cell (2N) produces 1 egg cell (N) and 3 polar bodies (N)

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28
Q

Similarities between meiosis and mitosis

A

one duplication of chromosomes

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29
Q

differences between mitosis and meiosis

A

mitosis- 1 division
meiosis- 2 divisions
meiosis pairs homologs and crossing over occurs

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30
Q

outcome of mitosis

A

two genetically identical cells, same chromosome number as the original cell (2N -> 2N * 2)

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31
Q

outcome of meiosis

A

four genetically different cells, half the chromosome number of the original cell (2N -> N* * 4)

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32
Q

number of chromosomal duplications in mitosis

A

1

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33
Q

number of chromosomal duplications in meiosis

A

2

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34
Q

number of cell divisions in mitosis

A

1

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35
Q

number of cell divisions in meiosis

A

2

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36
Q

number of daughter cells produced in mitosis

A

2

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37
Q

number of daughter cells produced in meiosis

A

4

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38
Q

number of chromosomes in daughter cells; mitosis

A

diploid

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39
Q

number of chromosomes in daughter cells; meiosis

A

Haploid

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40
Q

How chromosomes line up during metaphase; mitosis

A

single file

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41
Q

how chromosomes line up during metaphase; meiosis

A

Tetrads

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42
Q

Genetic relationship of daughter cells to parent cell; mitosis

A

identical

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43
Q

genetic relationship of daughter cells to parent cell; meiosis

A

different

44
Q

functions performed in the human body; mitosis

A

somatic cells

45
Q

functions performed in the human body; meiosis

A

gametes

46
Q

Independent orientation at metaphase I; separation of chromosomes is _______

A

random

47
Q

Random fertilization

A

which sperm fertilizes the egg is random

48
Q

Homologous chromosomes are same in size and gene location but may have ________ versions of a gene at the same locus

A

different

49
Q

Crossing over involves _______ of ______ ______ between homologous chromosomes

A

exchange; genetic material

50
Q

what does gene locus contribute to?

A

certain traits being inherited together

51
Q

Genes that are closely located are likely to….?

A

be inherited together because they are likely to cross over together

52
Q

Genes that are further away from each other are likely to be… ?

A

separated form each by crossing over

53
Q

karyotype

A

shows stained and magnified versions of chromosomes

54
Q

doctors use karyotype because…?

A

to look for chromosomal abnormalities

55
Q

Trisomy 21

A

inheritance of 3 copies of chromosome 21
ex. down syndrome
increases with the age of the mother

56
Q

Monosomy and trisomy errors lead to

A

diseases/ disorders

57
Q

caused by nondisjuncrion

A

failure of chromosomes or chromatids to separate during meiosis

58
Q

Fertilization after nondisjunction yields….?

A

zygotes with altered numbers of chromosomes

59
Q

Sex chromosome abnormalities tend to be less severe

A

ex. small size of the Y chromosome

X-chromosome inactivation

60
Q

deletion

A

loss of a chromosome segment

61
Q

chromosome structure changes result form breakage and rejoining of ______ _______

A

chromosome segments

62
Q

duplication

A

repeat of a chromosome segment

63
Q

Inversion

A

reversal of a chromosome segment

64
Q

Translocation

A

attachment of a segment of one chromosome to a nonhomologous chromosome

65
Q

Errors in gametes cause _____ ______

A

birth defects

66
Q

Errors in somatic cells cause ______

A

cancer

67
Q

Gregor Mendel

A

Austrian monk
worked with pea plants
showed that parents pass heritable factors (genes) to offspring

68
Q

Genetics

A

the study of heredity

69
Q

heredity

A

how traits are passed on from parents to offspring

70
Q

character

A

heritable feature that varies from person to person

71
Q

trait

A

a variant of a character

72
Q

Genes are found in alternative versions called ______

A

alleles

73
Q

genotype

A

combination of alleles

74
Q

organisms inherit _ copies of each gene, one from each parent

A

2

75
Q

homozygous

A

genotype has identical alleles (BB or bb)

76
Q

heterozygous

A

genotype has two different alleles (Bb)

77
Q

phenotype

A

the appearance or expression of a trait

78
Q

law of segreation

A

allele pairs separate (segregate) from each other during gamete production so a sperm or egg carries only one allele for each gene

79
Q

law of independent assortment

A

each pair of alleles segregates independently of the other pairs of alleles during gamete formation

80
Q

pedigree

A

diagram that shows inheritance of a trait in a family through multiple generations

81
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

neither allele is dominant over the other

82
Q

Heterozygous individuals express a _______ phenotype

A

blended; (red+white=pink)

83
Q

multiple alleles

A

more than two alleles are found in the population

84
Q

diploid individual can carry any ___ alleles

A

two

85
Q

Codominance

A

neither allele is dominant over the other

86
Q

Pheiotropy

A

one gene influencing many characteristics

87
Q

Epistasis

A

the presence of one gene may alter the effects of another gene

88
Q

Polygenic inheritance

A

many genes influence one trait

89
Q

linked genes

A

are located close together on the same chromosome

tend to be inherited together

90
Q

linked alleles can be separated by ______ ______

A

crossing over

91
Q

increased distance ______ chances of separation

A

increases

92
Q

Blood type is determined by two sets of genes

A

ABO

Rh

93
Q

The _____ gene determines the “letter” of your blood

A

ABO

94
Q

The ____ gene determines the positive or negative of your blood

A

Rh

95
Q

3 different ABO genes

A

I^A
I^B
i

96
Q

_____ determine what antigen is made

A

genes

97
Q

Gene I^A makes antigen….

A

A

98
Q

Gene I^B makes antigen….

A

B

99
Q

Gene i makes ___ antigens

A

no

100
Q

I^A and I^B are

A

codominant

101
Q

Two different Rh genes

A

Rh +

Rh -

102
Q

_____ determine what antigen (protein) is made

A

genes

103
Q
  • (minus) gene makes __ antigen
A

no

104
Q

Antibodies

A

defense proteins that fight foreign antigens

105
Q

Antibodies are _______ to one antigen

A

specific

106
Q

When antibody and antigen meet …..

A

clumping occurs

107
Q

Clumping is…

A

fatal

Biology (3 decks)

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