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Biochemistry Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what 4 things is your body made up of?

A

hydrogen, nitrogen, carbon, and oxygen

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2
Q

what is the carboxyl group?

A

carbon double bonded to both an oxygen and hydrogen

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3
Q

what are the types of nucleic acids?

A

DNA and RNA

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4
Q

what is the carbonyl group?

A

carbon linked by double bonded to an oxygen

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5
Q

What is dehydration reaction w/ fats?

A

it links three fatty acids to one glycerol to make a triglyceride (a complete fat molecule)
PURPOSE: BODY’S LONG TERM ENERGY STORAGE

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6
Q

Denaturing Enzymes

A

Enzymes need to be very specific shape to function properly

High heat, acids, bases, alcohol, heavy metals, and other chemicals all ALTER the shape of enzymes

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7
Q

what is the hydroxyl group?

A

hydrogen bonded to oxygen

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8
Q

what is polymer

A

the entire macromolecule

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9
Q

What is the primary function of lipids?

A

Long term energy storage

Lipids are unhealthy in large amounts

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10
Q

What are amino acids?

A

the MONOMER building blocks

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11
Q

What are amino acid monomers linked together by?

A

peptide bonds

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12
Q

what are the 4 main classes of biological macromolecules

A

carbohydrates
lipids and fats
proteins
nucleic acids (DNA)

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13
Q

what is the quaternary structure

A

results from the association of 2 or more polypeptide chains

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14
Q

what is activation energy?

A

the amount of energy needed to initiate a chemical reaction

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15
Q

How is a polypeptide formed?

A

dehydration reactions join the carboxyl group of one amino acid to the amino group of another amino acid

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16
Q

what is the primary structure?

A

a polypeptide’s unique sequence of amino acids

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17
Q

what are the levels of protein structure?

A

primary structure
secondary structure
tertiary structure
quaternary structure

18
Q

how are macromolecules formed?

A

a process called polymerization

small molecules join together to make larger ones

19
Q

What are saturated fats?

A

Solid at room temp
Does not contain double bonds between carbon atoms
UNHEALTHY
ex. fried foods, butter

20
Q

What are Fats?

A

Fats are large lipids that are made up of two monomers “building blocks” : glycerol and fatty acid

21
Q

what is monomer?

A

the smaller units

22
Q

what is the tertiary structure?

A

the coils and folds in the polypeptide’s structure

23
Q

ENZYMES ARE REUSED

A

….

24
Q

what is all life on earth based on?

A

carbon

25
Q

what is an active site?

A

the region where the substrate binds to an enzyme

26
Q

what is the function of nucleic acids?

A

contains your genetic info which directs the synthesis of proteins

27
Q

Ex. of amino acids?

A

Alanine and cysteine

28
Q

what is the tertiary structure?

A

the overall three-dimension shape of the polypeptide

29
Q

What are Lipids?

A

Lipids are a highly diverse group of macromolecules
Includes: fats, phospholipids, and waxes
LIPIDS ARE HYDROPHOBIC

30
Q

what are the products?

A

what is made by the enzyme-catalyzed reaction

31
Q

what is hydrolysis?

A

reactions that break apart a polymer to make monomers.
ENERGY IS RELEASED BY THE REACTION
Bonds between monomers are broken by adding water between them

32
Q

what is the function of lipids?

A

long-term energy storage

33
Q

what is the nucleic acids monomer?

A

nucleotides (sugar, phosphate, and a nitrogen base)

34
Q

Protein functions?

A

Forms muscle fibers and connective tissues such as tendons and ligaments
Forms hemoglobin a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen throughout the body
aids in cell transport and communication between cells

35
Q

What are unsaturated fats?

A

They are liquid at room temp.
Contains both double bonds between carbon atoms
HEALTHIER
Ex. corn oil, olive oil, etc.

36
Q

How do enzymes work?

A

they work by providing a location where reactants are brought together to react

37
Q

what is the secondary structure?

A

the coils and folds in the polypeptide’s structure

38
Q

what are enzymes?

A

All organisms carry out chemical reactions necessary for life (called biochemical reactions)
PROTEINS THAT SPEED UP A BIOCHEMICAL REACTION BY LOWERING ACTIVATION ENERGY

39
Q

what is the primary function of carbohydrates (polysaccharides)

A

short-term energy storage

40
Q

what is a substrate?

A

the reactant of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction

41
Q

What are the common characteristics of life?

A 
Are made of cells
Have DNA
Display order
Self regulate (homeostasis)
Growth and Development
Process Energy
Respond to the Environment
Reproduce
Evolve

Biology (3 decks)

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