Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology Exam > Genetics > Flashcards

Genetics Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does DNA stand for

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are nucleotides

A

Phosphate
Deoxyribose sugar
Nitrogen rich bases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the shape of DNA

A

Double helix, like a twisted ladder: the uprights of the ladder are phosphate and sugar, and the rungs are bases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the four bases

A

Adenine
Thymine
Guanine
Cytosine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe complementary base pairing

A

The chemical structure of the rich bases means that they can only form chemical bonds with one of the other bases
A pairs with T
C pairs with G

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Define allele

A

Different forms of the same gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Define dominant

A

The characteristic that is a expressed in the heterozygous condition. To be observed in the appearance of the individual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Define genotype

A

Genetic information carried by an individual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Heterozygous

A

Having two different alleles on a homologous structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Homozygous

A

Having two identical alleles on homozygous structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Mutation

A

A mistake that happens as DNA is copied, causing a change to the base sequence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Phenotype

A

Observable characteristics of the individual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Pure breeding

A

Where all individuals have the same genetic information fir a chat geriatric generation after generation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Recessive

A

The characteristic that remains hidden in the heterozygous structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Gene

A

A section of DNA that carries the genetic code for a particular characteristic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Autosomes

A

All the chromosomes in a cell other than the sex chromosomes

17
Q

Centromere

A

The point on the chromosome, where two chromosomes are joined together

18
Q

Chromatid

A

One of the strands of chromosomes following replication

19
Q

Diploid number

A

The number of chromosomes in body cells: 2 sets

20
Q

Haploid

A

The number of chromosomes in gametes: one set

21
Q

Homologous structure

A

Chromosomes with genes for particular characteristics at the same location

22
Q

Give 3 examples of facts about chromosomes

A

Long thin thread like structured, found in the nucleus of the cell
Chromosomes are made of DNA and protein

23
Q

Steps in genetic manipulation (7)

A
  1. Plasmids are removed from a bacterium
  2. Plasmids are cut using an enzyme (restriction enzyme)
  3. DNA is removed from human cells
  4. DNA is cut using an enzyme to isolate the gene
  5. Human gene is inserted into the plasmid to form recombinant DNA
  6. The recombinant DNA is put into a bacterium
  7. Bacterial cells grow and divide to produce many copies of the introduced gene
24
Q

How many cells in the human body

A

46 chromosomes (in 23 pairs)

25
Q

How many chromosomes in gametes

A

23 chromosomes, one in each pair

26
Q

Plasmids

A

Ring if DNA found in bacteria

27
Q

What did Mendel test his experiments with

A

Pea plants

28
Q

What is the purpose of Punnett squares

A

To determine and predict specific characteristics of an offspring when two parents mix

29
Q

Sex linked inheritance

A

There are some conditions, eg colourblindness, that are sex inherited. This means the genes involved are on sex determining chromosomes.

30
Q

Chromosomes for a female

A

XX

31
Q

Chromosomes for male

A

XY

32
Q

Steps of meiosis (6)

A
  1. Pairs of double stranded chromosomes line up

2. One double stranded chromos

33
Q

Describe mitosis

A

Mitosis produces two daughter cells that are identical to the parent cell. This type of cell division is involved in growth and repair of the body.

34
Q

Describe meiosis

A

Mitosis produces gametes (eggs and sperm) that have half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell

35
Q

Steps of mitosis, include PMAT

A

Prophase: chromosomes are replicated to become double stranded, and then they become visible.
Metaphase: double stranded chromosomes line up along the equator (middle) of the cell
Anaphase: the chromosomes move to oppose ends of the cell
Telophase: two nuclei form, each with the diploid number of chromosomes. The membranes also form separating the nuclei into two daughter cells

36
Q

Steps of meiosis, include PMAT

A

Prophase 1: chromosomes line up with homologous pairs
Metaphase 1: pairs of double stranded chromosomes line up
Anaphase 1: one double stranded chromosomes of each pair moves to each pole
Telophase 1: two cells are formed
Prophase 2:
Metaphase 2: double stranded chromosomes line up
Anaphase 2: chromatids separate and move to poles
Telophase 2: four cells result with a haploid number of chromosomes

Biology Exam (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions