GENETICS Flashcards

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1
Q

Gene

A

A section of DNA that contains the coded information for making polypeptide chains and functional RNA

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2
Q

Allele

A

One of a number of an alternative form of a gene

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3
Q

Codon

A

A functional sequence of 3 codons that codes for a specific amino acid.

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4
Q

Genome

A

Complete set of genes in a cell.

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5
Q

Proteome

A

Full range of proteins produced by the genome.

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6
Q

Chromatin (chromatid)

A

Condensed chromosomes

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7
Q

What is codominance?

A

2 inherited alleles are equally dominant and expressed in the phenotype.

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8
Q

How many alleles of a gene does a person have?

A

Every person has 2 alleles of a gene

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9
Q

What is the Hardy Weinberg principle used for?

A

Used to work out the frequencies of an allele in a population

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10
Q

What 5 things must be true of the Hardy Weinberg principle?

A

1) No mutations
2) No immigration/emigration
3) A large population
4) No selection
5) Random mating

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11
Q

What is the equation for Hardy Weinberg principle?

A

p^2 + 2pq +q^2

p= frequency of dominant allele
q= frequency of recessive allele
p+q= 1
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12
Q

What are the types of selection?

A

1) Directional selection- occurs when there has been a change in environmental conditions.
2) Stabilising selection- when environmental conditions have remained the same.
3) Disruptive selection- it will favour individuals with extreme phenotypes further from the mean of the population.

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13
Q

What is the definition of a species?

A

Individuals that can breed and produce FERTILE offspring

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14
Q

What is speciation?

A

The evolution of a new species from an existing one.

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15
Q

How does geographical isolation affect speciation? (ALLOPATRIC SPECIATION)

A

1) Natural events over many years separate a species into two different populations
2) The type in frequency of the alleles in the 2 gene pools may differ over time until they become so different they are a different species. (ALLOPATRIC SPECIATION)

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16
Q

What is sympatric speciation?

A

It involves reproductive isolation within a randomly mating population rather than geographical isolation

17
Q

What is genetic drift?

A

When an allele become more or less common simply by chance and mainly occurs in small populations.